近44年天山北坡3种典型农作物水分利用效率及影响因素分析

Analysis of water use efficiency and influencing factors of three typical crops in the Northern Tianshan Mountains in the past 44 years

    摘要
  • 摘要: 定量评估农作物水分利用效率(crop water use efficiency, CWUE)的长期变化对于优化农业水资源利用与提高农业生产效率至关重要。本研究选取新疆天山北坡玛纳斯河绿洲农业区的3种典型农作物(棉花、玉米和冬小麦)作为研究对象, 基于该流域内乌兰乌苏农业气象站1980—2023年农业气象长期观测资料, 综合运用相关分析、趋势分析和地理探测器多种统计方法, 阐明3种典型农作物CWUE的长期变化趋势, 并解析气象因素与管理措施对CWUE的贡献度。结果表明: 近44年来, 该流域3种典型农作物单产呈增长趋势, 蒸散量呈先增加后降低的趋势, CWUE则经历从不显著变化到快速提升的过程。棉花与玉米CWUE在覆膜滴灌(LD)阶段增加趋势最大(年增长率分别为0.022 1 kg·m−3·a−1和0.281 2 kg·m−3·a−1), 冬小麦CWUE在无膜滴灌(ND)阶段增加趋势最大(年增长率为0.094 3 kg·m−3·a−1)。在影响CWUE的因素中, 管理措施对CWUE的贡献度高于气象因素, 其对棉花、玉米和冬小麦CWUE的贡献度分别为63.02%、61.75%和58.86%, 其中品种与灌溉方式是主要的两个影响因子。在气象因素中, 棉花CWUE主要受≥0 ℃积温影响, 而日照时长对玉米和冬小麦CWUE贡献更大。本研究可为新疆天山北坡农业水资源高效利用和粮食安全提供科学数据支撑。

     

    Abstract: To optimize the use of agricultural water resources and improve the efficiency of agricultural production, it is essential to quantitatively assess long-term trends in crop water use efficiency (CWUE). In this study, three typical crops (cotton, maize, and winter wheat) were studied in the oasis agricultural area of the Manas River Basin located in the northern Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang. Long-term agricultural meteorological observations from 1980 to 2023 at the Wulanwusu Agrometeorological Station in the basin were used, and correlation, trend, and geographic detector statistical methods were applied. The purpose of this study was to clarify the long-term trends of CWUE for three typical crops and to analyze the contribution of meteorological factors and management measures to CWUE. The results of this study show that over the past 44 years, the yields of the three typical crops in the basin have shown an increasing trend, their evapotranspiration has shown an increasing trend first and then a decreasing trend, and their CWUEs have changed from insignificant changes at the beginning to rapid improvement. The CWUE of the cotton and maize increase the most significantly in the stage of drip irrigation with film cover (LD) (the annual growth rates are 0.022 1 kg·m−3·a−1, 0.281 2 kg·m−3·a−1, respectively), and the CWUE of winter wheat increase the most significantly in the stage of drip irrigation without film cover (ND) (the annual growth rate is 0.094 3 kg·m−3·a−1). Among all the factors affecting CWUE, the effect of management measures on CWUE was greater than that of meteorological factors, and their contributions to the CWUE of cotton, maize, and winter wheat were 63.02%, 61.75%, and 58.86%, respectively. Among the management measures, varieties and irrigation methods have higher contributions; among the meteorological factors, the CWUE of cotton is mainly affected by the accumulated temperature above 0 ℃, whereas duration of sunshine contributed more to the CWUE of maize and winter wheat. This study provides essential scientific data to support the efficient management and utilization of agricultural water resources in the Northern Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang, thereby ensuring food security and promoting sustainable agricultural development in the region.

     

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