孙猛, 徐媛, 刘茂辉, 展先辉, 刘佳泓, 张莹, 张骥. 天津市农田氮肥施用氨排放量估算及分布特征分析[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2016, 24(10): 1364-1370. DOI: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.160496
引用本文: 孙猛, 徐媛, 刘茂辉, 展先辉, 刘佳泓, 张莹, 张骥. 天津市农田氮肥施用氨排放量估算及分布特征分析[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2016, 24(10): 1364-1370. DOI: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.160496
SUN Meng, XU Yuan, LIU Maohui, ZHAN Xianhui, LIU Jiahong, ZHANG Ying, ZHANG Ji. Emission and distribution characteristics of ammonia from nitrogen application in farmland of Tianjin[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2016, 24(10): 1364-1370. DOI: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.160496
Citation: SUN Meng, XU Yuan, LIU Maohui, ZHAN Xianhui, LIU Jiahong, ZHANG Ying, ZHANG Ji. Emission and distribution characteristics of ammonia from nitrogen application in farmland of Tianjin[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2016, 24(10): 1364-1370. DOI: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.160496

天津市农田氮肥施用氨排放量估算及分布特征分析

Emission and distribution characteristics of ammonia from nitrogen application in farmland of Tianjin

  • 摘要: 氮素是作物生长的必要营养元素, 氮肥施用过程中, 会导致氨的挥发, 而氨是形成可吸入颗粒物的重要前体物, 为了解天津市农田氮肥施用过程中氨的排放, 为天津市空气污染治理提供技术支撑, 通过获取天津市不同农作物的不同氮肥种类施用量, 依据国家环保部推荐的排放因子法和天津市的年均温度, 对天津市农田氮肥施用过程中氨的排放量进行了估算和时空分布特征分析。结果表明, 2014年天津市农田氮肥施用氨排放量为17 999.91 t, 排放强度为3.27 t.km-2; 从氮肥种类上看, 尿素是最大排放源, 贡献率为83.13%, 其次是碳铵(13.83%), 其他氮肥占比为3.04%; 从农作物类型上看, 蔬菜是最大的排放源, 贡献率为38.91%, 其次是玉米(29.43%)和小麦(19.66%), 其他作物占比为12.00%。氨的排放系数具有明显的时间特征: 中午高, 夜间低; 8月份最高, 1月份最低。在各区县中, 武清区氨排放量最大, 贡献率为27.06%; 津南区氨排放量最小, 贡献率为1.14%; 另外, 宝坻区和蓟县的氨排放量也较高, 贡献率分别为20.71%、17.86%。氨具有较强的空间分布差异性, 在有氮肥施用的农田排放较高, 其他区域排放较低。因此在控制天津市农田氮肥施用氨排放中应加强对武清区、宝坻区、蓟县等区县6—8月份蔬菜种植过程中尿素的科学施用。农田氨的时空分布特征可为天津市空气污染的防治提供科学依据。

     

    Abstract: Nitrogen is not only a necessary nutrient for crop growth, but also an import source of ammonia volatilization. The volatilization of ammonia occurs in the process of nitrogen fertilizer application. As an important precursor of fine particulates and a main component of atmospheric acid deposition, ammonia threatens environment health due to its volatilization caused by nitrogen fertilization. To analyze ammonia emission and distribution characteristics from nitrogen fertilizer application in 2014 of Tianjin City, we estimated ammonia emission amounts from different nitrogen fertilizer, different crops and in different areas, as well as emission factors by using emission factor method. In the ammonia emission calculation process, nitrogen fertilizer application levels of different nitrogen fertilizers used in different crops came from Statistic Yearbook, while the emission factors were derived from guidelines published by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, and the temperature was the annual average temperature of Tianjin City. Results showed that 17 999.91 tons of ammonia was emitted form nitrogen application in Tianjin City with the emission intensity of 3.27 t.km-2. Among five types of nitrogen fertilizer (urea, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium nitrate, thiamine, and others), urea was the largest resource of ammonia emission, with 83.13% contribution rate, followed by ammonium bicarbonate with contribution rate of 13.83%, and the other nitrogen fertilizers was the least resource with only 3.04%. For crop types, vegetables was the largest resource of ammonia emission with 38.91% contribution rate, followed by maize with contribution rate of 29.43% and wheat with contribution rate of 19.66%, and the others occupied 12.00%. Because ammonia emissions were positively correlated with temperature, in this study, ammonia emission showed strong time-characteristics with maximum emissions in midday and August and the minimum at night and in January. In all counties/districts, Wuqing District emitted the most ammonia with contribution rate of 27.06%, while Jinnan District emitted the least with contribution rate of 1.14%. And Baodi District and Jixian District had greater contribution rate with 20.71% and 17.86%, respectively. Ammonia emission had strong spatial characteristics, and the large ammonia emission occurred mainly in farmland. To control ammonia emission from farmland in Tianjin City, the scientific application of nitrogenous fertilizer in Wuqing District, Baodi District and Jixian District in the process of vegetable cultivation in June to August should be strengthened. The results could provide a scientific basis for haze treatment in Tianjin City.

     

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