张翀, 韩晓阳, 李雪倩, 黄彬香, 朱波, 苏芳, 巨晓棠. 川中丘陵区紫色土冬小麦/夏玉米轮作氨挥发研究[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2015, 23(11): 1359-1366. DOI: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150683
引用本文: 张翀, 韩晓阳, 李雪倩, 黄彬香, 朱波, 苏芳, 巨晓棠. 川中丘陵区紫色土冬小麦/夏玉米轮作氨挥发研究[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2015, 23(11): 1359-1366. DOI: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150683
ZHANG Chong, HAN Xiaoyang, LI Xueqian, HUANG Binxiang, ZHU Bo, SU Fang, JU Xiaotang. Ammonia volatilization in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system of purple soil in hilly area of Central Sichuan Basin[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2015, 23(11): 1359-1366. DOI: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150683
Citation: ZHANG Chong, HAN Xiaoyang, LI Xueqian, HUANG Binxiang, ZHU Bo, SU Fang, JU Xiaotang. Ammonia volatilization in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system of purple soil in hilly area of Central Sichuan Basin[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2015, 23(11): 1359-1366. DOI: 10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.150683

川中丘陵区紫色土冬小麦/夏玉米轮作氨挥发研究

Ammonia volatilization in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system of purple soil in hilly area of Central Sichuan Basin

  • 摘要: 大气中过量的氨会造成诸多环境问题并危害人类健康。我国农田氮肥施用后的氨挥发是一个重要的氨排放源。紫色土的土壤性质以及该区的气候条件导致其氨挥发潜力较大。与其他集约化农作区相比, 该区农田氨挥发研究相对较少。本文探讨了川中丘陵区紫色土冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系氨挥发情况, 为开展陆地生态系统大气碳氮气体交换研究提供基础数据, 同时也为氨排放清单的编制及农田氨减排措施研究提供依据。选取川中紫色土丘陵区典型的坡耕地作为研究对象, 采用风洞法研究了紫色土冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系的氨挥发动态过程。每次试验设置1个施肥处理, 3次重复。风速、风向、大气温湿度、土壤温湿度等气象数据由试验田微型气象站获取。每隔2~3 d采集土壤样品用以测定土壤NH4+-N含量。两年的田间试验结果表明, 受氮肥深施及低温的影响, 冬小麦季氨挥发损失率明显低于夏玉米季; 2013年和2014年冬小麦季氨挥发损失率分别为7.4%和8.8%; 2013年夏玉米季三叶期氮肥撒施的氨挥发速率为34.1%; 2014年夏玉米季三叶期氮肥条施覆土降低了氨挥发损失, 损失率为21.4%; 2014年夏玉米季十叶期出现极端干旱的气候条件, 撒施氮肥后立即灌水使氨挥发损失率高达46.6%, 这是由于干旱条件下施肥灌水提供了利于氨挥发的土壤水分条件。因此在极端干旱的气候条件下, 应避免采用此施肥方式。综合分析两年的数据可得: 紫色土冬小麦季氨挥发损失占施氮量的(8.1±1.0)%, 夏玉米氨挥发损失占施氮量的(32.8±1.8)%。

     

    Abstract: Excess ammonia in the atmosphere causes a cascade of environmental and human health issues. In China, ammonia volatilization (AV) from applied nitrogen fertilizers is a major source of ammonia emission. Purple soils properties and the climatic conditions of the regions significantly increase the potential for nitrogen loss via AV. However, as compared with other intensive agricultural regions in China, few researches have focused on nitrogen loss in purple soils via AV. This paper discussed AV in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system of purple soil in hilly area of Central Sichuan Basin, in order to provide basic data on atmospheric carbon and nitrogen gas exchange in terrestrial ecosystems. It also contributed to ammonia emission inventory and emission reduction measures in croplands. The study was conducted in typical sloping croplands in the Central Sichuan Basin. AV processes in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system were monitored by a wind tunnel system. During every experimental period, there was only 1 treatment with 3 replicates. Wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity, soil temperature, relative humidity, and others meteorological data were obtained from micro-weather stations in the field. Soil samples (from the 020 cm depth) were collected every 23 days and then mixed evenly before analysis for NH4+-N. The results showed that due to deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer and lower temperature, the rate of loss of N via AV in winter wheat growing season was obviously less than that in maize growing season. AV loss in winter wheat growing season was 9.7 kg(N)hm-2 in 2013 and 11.4 kg(N)hm-2 in 2014, respectively, accounting for 7.4% and 8.8% of applied N. In maize growing season, banding fertilization followed by covering of soils was an effective way to reduce AV loss. The rate of loss N via AV during 3-leaf stage of summer maize in 2013 (broadcasting) and 2014 (banding) were 34.1% and 21.4%, respectively. It was extremely dry weathers before fertilization at 10-leaf stage period of maize in the summer of 2014. About 30 mm of irrigation water was immediately applied after urea spread application, and the highest AV loss occurred during this period. This was mainly due to the suitable soil water condition provided by irrigation water in extremely dry weathers. Therefore, it was necessary to avoid the application of nitrogen under dry soil conditions. The results suggested that in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system in the purple soil of hilly area of Central Sichuan Basin, AV loss in winter wheat growing season and summer maize growing season, respectively, accounted for (8.1±1.0)% and (32.8±1.8)% of the N application.

     

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