基于景观格局和生态系统服务的生态廊道修复成效评估指标体系

郭玉佳, 刘世梁, 董玉红, 刘佳驹, 李维珊

郭玉佳, 刘世梁, 董玉红, 刘佳驹, 李维珊. 基于景观格局和生态系统服务的生态廊道修复成效评估指标体系[J]. 中国生态农业学报 (中英文), 2023, 31(10): 1525−1538. DOI: 10.12357/cjea.20230079
引用本文: 郭玉佳, 刘世梁, 董玉红, 刘佳驹, 李维珊. 基于景观格局和生态系统服务的生态廊道修复成效评估指标体系[J]. 中国生态农业学报 (中英文), 2023, 31(10): 1525−1538. DOI: 10.12357/cjea.20230079
GUO Y J, LIU S L, DONG Y H, LIU J J, LI W S. An indicator system for effectiveness evaluation of ecological corridor restoration based on landscape patterns and ecosystem services[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2023, 31(10): 1525−1538. DOI: 10.12357/cjea.20230079
Citation: GUO Y J, LIU S L, DONG Y H, LIU J J, LI W S. An indicator system for effectiveness evaluation of ecological corridor restoration based on landscape patterns and ecosystem services[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2023, 31(10): 1525−1538. DOI: 10.12357/cjea.20230079
郭玉佳, 刘世梁, 董玉红, 刘佳驹, 李维珊. 基于景观格局和生态系统服务的生态廊道修复成效评估指标体系[J]. 中国生态农业学报 (中英文), 2023, 31(10): 1525−1538. CSTR: 32371.14.cjea.20230079
引用本文: 郭玉佳, 刘世梁, 董玉红, 刘佳驹, 李维珊. 基于景观格局和生态系统服务的生态廊道修复成效评估指标体系[J]. 中国生态农业学报 (中英文), 2023, 31(10): 1525−1538. CSTR: 32371.14.cjea.20230079
GUO Y J, LIU S L, DONG Y H, LIU J J, LI W S. An indicator system for effectiveness evaluation of ecological corridor restoration based on landscape patterns and ecosystem services[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2023, 31(10): 1525−1538. CSTR: 32371.14.cjea.20230079
Citation: GUO Y J, LIU S L, DONG Y H, LIU J J, LI W S. An indicator system for effectiveness evaluation of ecological corridor restoration based on landscape patterns and ecosystem services[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2023, 31(10): 1525−1538. CSTR: 32371.14.cjea.20230079

基于景观格局和生态系统服务的生态廊道修复成效评估指标体系

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF1303204)、国家自然科学基金项目(42271097)和河北水利电力学院省属高校基本科研业务费研究项目(SYKY2210)资助
详细信息
    作者简介:

    郭玉佳, 主要研究方向为景观生态学、环境影响评价与规划。E-mail: guoyujia@hbwe.edu.cn

    通讯作者:

    刘世梁, 主要研究方向为景观生态学、恢复生态学、环境影响评价与规划。E-mail: shiliangliu@bnu.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: Q149

An indicator system for effectiveness evaluation of ecological corridor restoration based on landscape patterns and ecosystem services

Funds: This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China (2022YFF1303204), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42271097), and the Basic Research Funds of Provincial Universities of the Hebei University of Water Resources and Electric Engineering (SYKY2210).
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  • 摘要: 为解决现有生态廊道建设成效评估中目标单一、指标体系不全面、缺乏景观生态学原则和缺乏生态修复项目不同尺度评估等问题, 本研究集成生态系统服务指标, 提出基于“格局-质量-服务”生态廊道修复成效综合评估指标体系。针对生态廊道特征, 成效评估主要从景观格局、生物多样性、栖息地、生态系统服务4个维度展开, 并确定项目范围和生态保护修复单元两种尺度的评估重点。通过频度分析法、专家咨询等方法, 以生态系统服务提升为修复目标, 参考已有规范内容, 筛选能够客观地反映项目生态修复效益的具体指标, 最终建立具有明确量化方法和评估标准的综合指标体系。评估指标体系包含景观格局优化、生物多样性保护、栖息地保护与构建和生态系统服务提升4个项目层, 以及15类准则层和41个指标项。以期更好地实现生态廊道的生态效益和推动生态廊道的建设实践, 并为未来国土空间生态修复方案制定、建设实施和后续管理提供科学参考和理论支撑。
    Abstract: Implementing territorial ecological protection and restoration projects is important for promoting the China’s ecological civilization construction and ensuring national ecological security. China has actively explored and coordinated the integrated protection and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, and grasslands, and several important ecological protection and restoration projects at both the national and local levels since 2012. As an important component of territorial ecological protection and restoration, ecological corridors, which are zonal areas in the ecological environment, can effectively form regional-scale ecological networks to ensure regional ecological security. After the completion of projects, it is of great practical importance to evaluate the effectiveness of implementation of ecological restoration projects and analyze changes in ecological conditions before and after construction to improve ecological restoration work and optimize ecological safety barrier systems. However, there are several problems with the existing effectiveness evaluation of ecological corridor construction, such as a single evaluation objective, an incomplete evaluation indicator system, lack of principles of landscape ecology, and lack of evaluation of ecological restoration projects at different scales. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish a systematic and comprehensive indicator system to evaluate the effectiveness of ecological corridor restoration. This study integrated ecosystem services indicators and proposed an indicator system for comprehensive effectiveness evaluation of ecological corridor restoration based on Pattern-Quality-Service. According to the characteristics of the ecological corridor, the effectiveness evaluation involved four dimensions: landscape patterns, biodiversity, habitat, and ecosystem services. These important evaluation points were determined at the project and ecological protection and restoration unit scales. By means of frequency analysis, expert consultation, and other methods, taking the improvement of ecosystem services as the restoration goal and referring to the existing specifications, the specific indicators that could objectively reflect the ecological restoration benefits of the project were screened. A comprehensive indicator system with clear quantitative methods and evaluation criteria was developed. The evaluation indicator system included four project layers, namely landscape pattern optimization, biodiversity conservation, habitat conservation and construction, and ecosystem service improvement, as well as 15 criteria layers and 41 indicators. Considering the integrated protection and restoration of various ecological elements in different regions, the evaluation indicators were divided into restrictive and recommended indicators, which were applied to common integral and individual optional conditions in the projects, respectively. Classifying these two indicators can enhance the flexibility of the evaluation indicator system and expand its applicability. In practice, the selection of evaluation indicators for the effectiveness of ecological restoration projects should be combined with the actual situation of the project based on this indicator system and common indicators should be selected for evaluation. Based on the evaluation results, ecological protection, and restoration work can be adjusted and corrected. In general, this study can better realize the ecological benefits of ecological corridors restoration and promote the construction practice of such ecological corridors. It could also provide a scientific reference and theoretical support for the planning, construction, implementation, and followup management of future territorial ecological restoration.
  • 随着人口增加和社会经济的快速发展, 人类对自然的开发力度不断增强, 在人类干扰强度高的地区, 区域生态退化风险长期存在; 而另一方面, 人类对于生态系统服务提供的福祉有了更高的要求[1]。开展生态保护与修复是维护区域生态安全的重要举措, 也是推动生态文明建设、人与自然和谐共生的一项核心工作。生态廊道作为生态环境中的带状区域, 具有优化生物多样性保护格局、连通生物栖息地的作用, 可有效形成区域尺度的生态网络, 是区域生态安全保障和人类福祉提升的关键环节[1-3]。目前, 在推进生态文明建设、保障国家生态安全的背景下, 国家不断加强区域生态廊道建设, 各省市结合当地自然条件, 依托山脉、河流等自然资源大力推进生态廊道保护修复工程, 通过分析工程实施前后的生态状况变化情况, 明确工程实施成效, 对改进和完善生态修复工作有着重要的实践意义[4]。另一方面, 生态廊道拥有丰富的自然系统类型, 开展生态廊道修复成效评估, 有助于科学认识山水林田湖草沙作为生命共同体的内在机制和规律。因此, 有必要对生态廊道修复成效进行全面评估, 以提升生态系统服务功能, 恢复生态系统结构和功能的完整性, 提升生态系统稳定性和可持续性[5], 优化区域生态安全屏障。

    以往的生态系统修复成效评估主要集中在单一生态要素上开展, 如水质[6]、土壤[7]、植被[8]等; 或者针对具体生态系统的修复效果评估, 如湿地[9]、河流[10]、森林[11]、草地[12]、城市生态系统[13]等; 或者对典型工程进行评价[14], 以评估特定地区的生态修复成效[15]。这些研究的评估成果可以对特定类型的生态修复工程进行优化, 但针对生态廊道, 从复杂且多样的生态系统角度和景观格局尺度对生态修复成效进行评估的研究还很少[16]。同时, 生态廊道保护修复项目工程量大, 项目范围内常分为多个生态保护修复单元, 以往评估指标的选取缺乏与不同空间尺度的对应关系。因此, 传统生态修复评估制约了对生态廊道修复项目的整体认知, 亟需构建系统性、综合性的生态修复成效评估体系。

    生态修复工程的目的在于改善区域生态环境, 提升生态系统服务功能。在生态廊道成效评估中, 需要从景观格局、生物多样性、栖息地质量和生态系统服务角度来综合考虑。廊道的景观格局体现区域生态安全总体状况, 质量体现生物多样性和栖息地保护特征, 生态系统服务连接了自然生态系统与人类社会。基于生态系统服务的评估方法不仅可以综合且客观地量化评估自然资源对人类福祉的贡献, 而且能够体现生态系统服务的区域差异和不同空间尺度的联系[17]。同时, 景观生态学作为集合地理学、生态学交叉形成的综合学科, 重点关注过程耦合与空间集成, 可以为国土空间生态修复提供区域整体性和尺度关联的视角, 同时满足国土空间生态修复对于多尺度整合与生态过程完整性的需求[18]

    综上所述, 本文以提升生态系统服务为目标, 以生态廊道为研究对象, 依据景观生态学原则, 借鉴国内外生态修复评估的主要研究成果, 采用频度分析法和专家咨询法, 归纳总结出综合的评价指标, 在项目尺度和生态保护修复单元尺度建立生态修复成效评估体系, 以期更好地实现生态廊道的生态效益和推动生态廊道的建设实践。

    生态廊道是在栖息地破碎化和生物多样性丧失的背景下提出的, 在世界自然保护联盟的《通过生态网络和生态廊道加强保护区连通指南》中, 生态廊道的定义为: 为保持或恢复有效的生态连通性, 长期治理和管理、明确界定的地理空间[19]; 美国保护管理协会将生态廊道定义为“供野生动物使用的狭长带状植被, 通常能促进两地间生物因素的运动”[20]; 有学者提出, 生态廊道是指生态网络体系中对物质、能量与信息流动具有重要连通作用, 尤其是为动物迁徙提供重要通道的带状区域[1]。除生态廊道的概念外, 国际上还用生态网络、绿色廊道、绿道、景观连接带等概念描述景观连通性, 但这些概念十分相似, 其内涵都体现了对破碎景观的连通, 以及保护生物多样性、维持生态过程和生态功能。

    现有的生态廊道构建理论主要有“源-汇”理论[21]、最小累积阻力理论[22]和电路理论[23]。识别生态廊道的研究较多, 主要是基于最小累积阻力模型、电流理论、复杂网络和图论, 以“源地识别-阻力面构建-生态廊道”框架[24]进行提取。在生态廊道的建设规范上, 我国环境保护部于2017年发布《生态保护红线划定指南》[25], 强调加强生态廊道连通性, 并提出生态系统服务功能重要性和生态环境敏感性评估方法; 我国各省市也积极发布生态廊道建设的地方标准, 如云南省丽水市颁布《国家公园生态廊道建设规范》[26], 提出国家公园生态廊道建设的基本原则, 并对生态廊道的规划、设计、建造等方面设定规范。但是, 总体来说目前缺乏项目实践尺度的生态廊道建设规范。

    目前, 我国很多地区依托山脉、河流等自然资源或交通干线建设了大量的生态廊道, 修复了廊道沿线被破坏的山体、河流、湿地、植被和棕地, 但在建设理念上仍局限于绿化扩容、休闲游憩以及小范围生态保护, 基于生物多样性保护、生态功能提升以及景观格局优化为主的生态廊道构建是未来的重要方向[18]

    目前国内对于生态修复成效评估的研究较为丰富。或基于环境质量改善评价的生态修复成效, 多主要集中在单一生态要素或具体生态系统进行评价和测算, 对比修复前后环境因子改善状况。如郝喆等[27]对矿山退化区修复前后的土壤环境质量和植物生长指标进行检测, 并对分项指标评价后统计加权, 结果显示尾矿库生态修复有一定的综合效果。或兼顾生态、经济、社会3方面对生态修复效果进行评价, 如朱晓博[28]构建了城市河流生态修复效果的“环境效益—价值效益”综合评价体系, 环境效益包含河流健康评价的生态、水文、地貌等典型指标, 价值效益包含体现社会经济功能的景观、游憩指标。或基于生态系统服务综合评价, 量化生态修复前后生态系统服务各项指标变化, 但缺乏对文化服务评价及相关指标选取和量化方式的选择。如邵全琴等[29]综合生态系统结构、质量、服务及变化的影响因素, 构建生态成效评估指标体系, 评估了三江源生态保护和建设一期工程的生态成效。

    在生态廊道评价的研究上, 多集中在大尺度的区域生态安全评价[2,30]和典型的生态源地成效评估[9,11-12], 对生态廊道修复成效综合评估较少。李鹍[31]通过解译遥感影像, 对北京市生态廊道的位置、形式和内置结构进行研究, 结果显示生态廊道的植被覆盖和降温效果要优于其他区域, 但城市生态廊道同质化严重, 难以保障生态系统的完整性。邓金杰等[24]以高度城市化的深圳为研究区, 以廊道功能和廊道自身条件为切入点, 选取6个指标, 构建了一套生态廊道重要性评价方法。

    总的来说, 以往研究所建立的评估体系多应用在对典型工程的评价, 以评估特定地区的生态修复成效, 呈现出评估项目目标单一和评估指标体系不全面等问题; 此外, 景观生态学导向下对于景观格局的评价在生态修复综合评价体系中的研究较少。生态修复治理逐渐从单一类型生态系统转变为了系统性的山水田湖草沙, 但是针对国土空间及景观尺度的综合生态系统修复成效评估的研究十分缺乏。

    国际上生态系统综合评估从方法和内容的角度上主要有3类: 基于压力—状态—响应模型的生态系统评估、生态系统服务功能价值评估、基于联合国千年系统评估(MA)概念框架[32]的生态系统评估[33]。基于MA概念框架的生态系统服务的评估方法具有联系人类福祉、动态评估生态系统变化、多尺度评估的独特优势。

    根据MA概念框架和景观生态学原则, 生态廊道的修复成效评估主要从景观格局、生物多样性、栖息地、生态系统服务4个维度展开。基于生态系统服务的评估方法不仅可以综合且客观地量化评估自然资源对人类福祉的贡献, 而且能够体现生态系统服务的区域差异和不同空间尺度的联系; 从景观生态学的角度看, 廊道内部与廊道之间的连接特征与结构, 体现了生态系统的整体性与复杂性, 通过在区域尺度上对景观格局的优化, 可以维持生境稳定; 生态廊道对生物多样性的保护具有至关重要的作用, 廊道的连通性可以减少斑块破碎化给物种带来的影响, 同时, 生物多样性是生态系统服务的基础, 而生态系统提供的服务功能是维持生物多样性和人类福祉的重要保证[34-35]; 生态廊道的重要功能之一就是为生物提供完整且易于迁徙的栖息地, 栖息地保护与构建是缓解生物多样性丧失和改善、恢复生态系统服务的重要保护机制[20]。以上4个维度具有紧密的内在联系, 在其综合作用下, 生态廊道表现出自身的特征与功能, 并为人类提供生态系统服务。

    借鉴自然资源部在国土空间生态保护修复相关规范中的尺度分类, 将生态修复成效评估体系分为项目尺度和生态保护修复单元尺度。项目尺度指根据自然地理单元划定的相对完整的空间范围, 即区域尺度, 由多类生态系统或多个自然生态要素组成; 生态保护修复单元指在项目范围内依据行政区域、流域、工程实际组织的便利性等划分的生态修复实施片区, 生态保护修复单元尺度即场地尺度。在构建评估指标体系的过程中, 需确定不同尺度的评估重点, 空间尺度不同, 生态空间面临的问题也不同。在区域尺度(项目范围), 通过遥感监测景观格局, 评估生态空间的总体变化情况和变化趋势, 并开展生物多样性保护、栖息地保护等针对生态系统质量方面的评估, 以及进行水源涵养、防风固沙、水土保持等关键生态系统服务功能的评估。在场地尺度(生态保护修复单元), 则根据工程措施类型和场地特点, 评估内容与场地面临的生态风险相对应, 侧重开展栖息地保护以及主导生态系统服务提升情况的评估。

    依据指标体系构建原则和方法, 筛选以往评价体系和相关文献中的评估指标, 构建具有明确量化方法和评估标准的指标体系。生态廊道修复成效评估的研究技术路线总结如图1所示。

    图  1  基于景观格局和生态系统服务的生态廊道修复成效评估的研究技术路线
    Figure  1.  Research technology roadmap of effectiveness evaluation of ecological corridor restoration based on landscape pattern and ecosystem services

    评估指标的确定是生态廊道修复成效评估的根本条件和理论基础, 决定着综合评估的合理性和有效性。所以在选择评估指标时应遵循一定的原则, 选取最能反映生态环境质量及变化状况的环境因素, 评估指标必须可查、可比、可量化, 具体原则包括以下几方面: 1)科学性和客观性。以景观格局、生物多样性、栖息地质量和生态系统服务综合评价为基础, 选取典型性和规范性指标, 辨析指标内在意义, 避免定义的模糊性和双重核算。评估指标力求数据易获得、可操作, 以可量化的数据做客观判断; 指标测评标准力求客观、科学, 主要参考现行的国家或行业标准。2)生态学共性。生态廊道主要依托山脉、河流、海岸线等要素, 多类型的廊道对应不同的生境, 不同生态系统类型可能具有共同的功能或属性特征[36], 因此指标体系未区分生态系统类型。在指标选取上选择共性指标, 差异性指标则不纳入指标体系, 如海洋、山体、河流特有的评价指标等。3)分为约束性指标和推荐性指标。约束性指标指生态修复后必须要评估的目标, 具有通用性和约束性。推荐性指标指可根据保护修复单元或项目范围的具体生态问题、保护修复目标任务等, 针对性地选择并测算。4)层次性。由于影响生态廊道修复成效的众多因素具有明显的层次性, 相应的评估指标也具有层次性, 根据评估框架的层次关系, 逐级分类, 构建层次分明、结构清晰的指标体系。

    频度分析法、专家咨询法和层次分析法是目前常用的指标筛选方法, 本研究依据生态系统服务评估框架, 运用频度分析法、专家咨询法收集和筛选评估指标。

    首先, 建立生态廊道修复成效评估指标库。广泛搜索国内外生态修复评价相关研究的内容, 选取代表性文献, 依据评估指标体系构建原则, 进行资料收集、整理和分类, 采取频度分析法, 对代表性文献中主要研究成果的实用性指标进行统计分析, 选取使用频度较高和赋予权重较高的指标。

    其次, 在初步建立的指标体系上进行专家筛选。将初选指标发给生态修复领域的多位专家, 专家根据自身知识经验对初选指标进行点评, 通过分析比较, 选出评价较高的指标。

    最后, 确定最终指标体系。综合考虑理论初选和专家筛选结果, 完善层级关系, 优化指标体系, 最终获得评估指标体系。

    根据生态廊道特征, 生态修复成效评估指标体系包括景观格局优化、生物多样性保护、栖息地保护与构建、生态系统服务提升4类项目层, 以及15类准则层和41个指标项(表1)。

    表  1  基于景观格局和生态系统服务的生态廊道修复成效评估指标体系
    Table  1.  Effectiveness evaluation indicator system of ecological corridor restoration based on landscape pattern and ecosystem services
    项目层
    Project layer
    准则层
    Criteria layer
    指标层
    Indicator layer
    景观格局优化
    Landscape pattern optimization
    生态廊道特征
    Ecological corridor characteristics
    密度指数、平均宽度、最小宽度
    Density index, average width and minimum width
    景观多样性
    Landscape diversity
    Shannon多样性指数
    Shannon diversity index
    景观破碎度
    Landscape fragmentation
    斑块密度、蔓延度指数、聚集度指数
    Patch density, contagion index and aggregation index
    景观连通性
    Landscape connectivity
    整体连通性指数、可能连通性指数
    Integral index of connectivity and index of possible connectivity
    生物多样性保护
    Biodiversity conservation
    物种多样性
    Species diversity
    植物多样性、鸟类多样性、鱼类多样性、哺乳类动物多样性、两栖爬行类动物多样性
    Plant diversity, bird diversity, fish diversity, mammal diversity, and diversity of amphibians and reptiles
    外来物种入侵度
    Invasion degree by alien species
    本地物种种数、外来物种数目、有害物种数目
    Numbers of local species, alien species and harmful species
    物种濒危程度
    Endangered species condition
    珍稀和濒危物种数量
    Number of rare and endangered species
    栖息地保护与构建
    Habitat conservation and construction
    生境质量
    Habitat quality
    生境质量指数、生境退化风险指数
    Habitat quality index and habitat degradation risk index
    水体生态状况
    Water ecological condition
    水体岸线自然化率、生态缓冲带宽度、水体连通性
    Naturalization rate of water shoreline, width of ecological buffer zone, and water connectivity
    植被覆盖状况
    Vegetation cover condition
    乔灌木覆盖率、植被覆盖率
    Coverage rate of tree and shrub, and vegetation coverage rate
    人为干扰强度
    Human disturbance intensity
    距主干路的距离、距居民区距离、人口密度、廊道两侧的土地利用类型
    Distance from main road, distance from residential area, population density, and land use type on both sides of corridor
    生态系统服务提升
    Ecosystem service improvement
    调节服务
    Regulation service
    土壤综合污染指数、水质监测断面达标率、土壤保持量、水源涵养量、防风固沙指数
    Soil comprehensive pollution index, compliance rate of water quality monitoring section, soil conservation quantity, water conservation, and index of windbreak and sand fixation
    支持服务
    Support service
    净初级生产力、固碳量
    Net primary productivity and carbon sequestration
    供给服务
    Supply service
    经济作物产量
    Cash crop production
    文化服务
    Cultural service
    文化遗产价值、休闲游憩价值、美学价值、康养价值
    Cultural heritage value, leisure and recreation value, aesthetic value, and health value
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    在项目尺度的景观格局变化中, 斑块水平的计算结果对整体景观格局变化影响不大[34], 因此本研究主要从项目尺度上进行景观空间格局分析。项目尺度的土地类型分类参照《土地利用现状分类》标准, 可将生态廊道景观要素类型分为森林、灌丛、草地、湿地、农田、城镇、裸地7类, 可根据实际现状进行增减, 针对景观格局的廊道生态特征、多样性、破碎度、连通性等4方面通过模型测算进行定量评估(表2)。景观格局优化指标数据主要通过将景观类型数据导入Fragstats 4.2进行景观指数的计算。

    表  2  生态廊道修复成效评估的景观格局优化评价指标体系
    Table  2.  Evaluation indicator system of landscape pattern optimization of effectiveness evaluation of ecological corridor restoration
    准则层
    Criteria layer
    指标层
    Indicator layer
    指标含义及计算公式
    Indicator meaning and calculation formula
    变量释义
    Variable definition
    指标类型
    Indicator type
    尺度
    Scale
    生态廊道特征
    Ecological corridor characteristics
    密度指数
    Density index
    景观区域中廊道数量与该景观区域总面积的
    比值
    Ratio of corridors number in the landscape area to the total area of the landscape
    m是景观类型数量, n是斑块数量; Ni是景观类型i的斑块数; Ai是景观类型i的面积; Pi是第i类景观类型的面积占景观总面积的比值; giki类型斑块和k类型斑块毗邻的数目; giii类型斑块像元毗邻的数量; max是i类型斑块像元可能毗邻的最大数量; ai是斑块i的面积; aj是斑块j的面积; nlij是斑块i和斑块j之间的连接数; AL是整个景观的面积; Pij*是物种在斑块i和斑块j直接扩散的最大可能性
    m is the number of landscape types; n is the number of patches; Ni is the number of patches of landscape type i; Ai is the area of landscape type i; Pi is the ratio of the area of landscape type i to the total area of the landscape; gik is the number of adjacent patches of type i and type k; gii is the number of adjacent pixels of type i patch; max is the maximum number of possible adjacent pixels of type i patch; ai is the area of patch i; aj is the area of patch j; nlij is the number of connections between patch i and patch j; AL is the area of the whole landscape; Pij* is the maximum possibility of direct diffusion of species in patch i and patch j
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目
    Project
    平均宽度
    Average width
    廊道面积与廊道长度的比值
    Ratio of corridor area to corridor
    length
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    最小宽度
    Minimum width
    廊道最窄处的宽度
    Width of the narrowest area of the
    corridor
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    景观多样性
    Landscape diversity
    Shannon
    多样性指数
    Shannon diversity index (SHDI)
    反映景观多样性
    Reflecting landscape diversity
    ${\text{SHDI} } = - \displaystyle\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^m {({P_i} } \times \ln {P_i})$
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    景观破碎度
    Landscape fragmentation
    斑块密度
    Patch density (PD)
    反映景观斑块分化
    Reflecting the differentiation of landscape patches
    $ {\text{PD}} = \dfrac{{{{\text{N}}_i}}}{{{A_i}}} $
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    蔓延度指数
    Contagion index (CONTAG)
    反映景观里不同斑块类型的团聚程度和延展
    趋势
    Reflecting the aggregation degree and contagion trend of different patch types in the landscape
    ${\text{CONTAG} } = \left\{ {1 + \dfrac{ {\displaystyle\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^m \displaystyle\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{k = 1}^m \Biggr[ { { {P_i} } \times \Bigg(\dfrac{ { {g_{_{ik} } } } }{ {\displaystyle\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{k = i}^{ {\text{AI} } } { {g_{_{ik} } } } } }\Bigg)} \Biggr]} }{ {2\times\ln m} } } \right\} \times 100$
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    聚集度指数
    Aggregation index (AI)
    反映不同斑块的聚集程度
    Reflecting the aggregation degree of different patches
    ${\text{AI} } = \left[ {\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^{ {m} } {} \left( {\dfrac{ { {g_{_{ii}} } } }{ {\max - {g_{_{ii}} } } } } \right) \times P_i} \right] \times 100$
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    景观连通性
    Landscape connectivity
    整体连通性指数
    Integral index of connectivity (IIC)
    表征生境斑块之间的连通性
    Representing the connectivity between habitat patches
    ${\rm{ IIC} } = \dfrac{ {\displaystyle\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n \displaystyle\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{j = 1}^n \left[ {({a_i} \times {a_j})/(1 + { {\rm{nl} }_{{i j} } })} \right]} } { { {A_{\rm{L} } }^2} }$
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    可能连通性指数
    Possibility connectivity index (PC)
    生境斑块之间的连通可能性
    Possibility of connection between habitat patches
    ${\text{PC} } = \frac{ {\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n {} \displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{j = 1}^n ( {a_i} \times {a_j} \times {p_{_{i j} } }^*)} }{ {A_{ { {\rm{L} }^{} } }^2} }$
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    生态廊道特征的评估指标包含生态廊道的密度指数、平均宽度和最小宽度。一般来说, 生态廊道的密度指数和平均宽度越大, 环境异质性和物种多样性就越丰富, 而廊道最小的宽度位置是生态廊道的短板, 会限制其生态效益的发挥。

    景观连通性由整体连通性指数(IIC)和可能连通性指数(PC)两个指标表征, 利用Conefor Sensinode 2.6和ArcGIS 10.8软件分析生态廊道的景观连通性水平。

    生物多样性直接影响着人类生活需要的生态系统供给服务, 并间接影响与生物多样性相关的生态系统供给服务和调节服务[37]。因此, 生物多样性评估是基于生态系统服务提升的生态修复评估的基础, 生物多样性保护主要分为物种多样性、外来物种入侵度和物种濒危程度3方面(表3)。数据来源于现有文献资料和实地调查, 实地调查的数据采集方法参照《关于发布全国生物物种资源调查相关技术规定(试行)的公告》[40]

    表  3  生态廊道修复成效评估的生物多样性保护评价指标体系
    Table  3.  Evaluation indicator system of biodiversity protection of effectiveness evaluation of ecological corridor restoration
    准则层
    Criteria layer
    指标层
    Indicator layer
    指标含义及计算方法
    Indicator meaning and calculation formula
    执行标准
    Executive standard
    指标类型
    Indicator type
    尺度
    Scale
    物种多样性
    Species diversity
    植物多样性
    Plant diversity
    采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数表征
    Characterized by Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H)
    $H = - \displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^S {\left( { {P_i} \times \ln {P_i} } \right)}$
    HJ 623[38]约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目
    Project
    鸟类多样性
    Bird diversity
    鱼类多样性
    Fish diversity
    哺乳类动物多样性
    Mammal diversity
    两栖爬行类
    动物多样性
    Diverstiy of amphibians and reptiles
    外来物种入侵度
    Invasion degree by aline species
    本地物种数目
    Number of local species
    反映本地生态系统的保持情况
    Reflecting the maintenance of local ecosystem
    外地物种数目
    Number of aline species
    外来入侵物种的种类和数量变化
    Species and quantity changes of aline invasive species
    有害物种数目
    Number of harmful species
    外来入侵有害物种和本地有害物种的种类和数量变化
    Species and quantity changes of aline invasive and local harmful species
    物种濒危程度
    Endangered degree
    珍稀、濒危物种数量
    Number of rare and endangered species
    反映重要物种的受保护情况
    Reflecting the protection of important species
    《中国物种红色
    名录》[39]
    China Species Red List
    S为调查区域内物种总数; i 为物种种类; Pi为物种i的相对重要值。S represents the total number of species within the survey area, i represents the species, Pi is the relative importance value of species i.
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    栖息地保护与构建的评估指标主要考虑恢复自然水体、加强构建植物群落、减少人为干扰等方面, 包括生境质量、水体生态状况、植被覆盖状况、人为干扰强度4个准则层(表4)。

    表  4  生态廊道修复成效评估的栖息地保护与构建评价指标体系
    Table  4.  Evaluation indicator system of habitat protection and construction of effectiveness evaluation of ecological corridor restoration
    准则层
    Criteria layer
    指标层
    Indicator layer
    指标含义及计算方法
    Indicator meaning and calculation formula
    执行标准
    Executive standard
    指标类型
    Indicator type
    尺度
    Scale
    生境质量
    Habitat quality
    生境质量指数
    Habitat quality index (Qxj)
    代表某种土地利用类型自身的适宜程度
    Representing suitability of a land use type
    ${Q_{_{x{ { j} } } } } = {H_{_j} } \times \left( {1 - \frac{ {D_{ { {x j} } }^{\text{2} } } }{ {D_{x j}^2 + {k^2} } } } \right)$
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目
    Project
    生境退化风险指数
    Habitat degradation risk index (Dxj)
    代表生境受到威胁后的退化程度
    Representing degradation degree of habitat under threat
    ${D_{_{x j} } } = \displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{r = 1}^R {\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{y = 1}^{ {Y_r} } {\left( {\frac{ { {w_{_r} } } }{ {\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{r = 1}^R { {w_{_r} } } } } } \right)} } \times {r_{_y} } \times {i_{_{rxy} } } \times {\beta _{_x} } \times {S_{_{ jr} } }$
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目
    Project
    水体生态
    状况
    Water ecological condition
    水体岸线自然化率
    Naturalization rate of water shoreline
    自然岸线长度占水体岸线总长度的比例
    Proportion of natural shoreline length to total length of water shoreline
    GB/T 50563[41]推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    生态缓冲带宽度
    Width of ecological buffer zone
    指陆地生态系统与河湖水域生态系统之间的连接带和过渡区的宽度
    Referring to width of connecting zone and transition zone between the terrestrial ecosystem and the rivers and lakes ecosystem
    《河湖生态缓冲带保护修复技术指南》
    Technical Guidelines for Ecological Restoration of Riparian Buffers of Rivers and Lakes
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    水体连通性
    Water connectivity
    反映河湖系统内生态元素在空间结构上的纵向联系, 水体连通性=河流长度/闸、坝等河湖障碍物数量×100%
    Reflecting vertical relationship of ecological elements in the spatial structure of river and lake system. Water connectivity=river length / number of obstacles such as gates and dams in rivers and lakes × 100%
    SL 709[42]推荐性指标Recommended indicator项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    植被覆盖
    状况
    Vegetation cover conditions
    乔灌木覆盖率
    Coverage rate of tree and shrub
    乔灌草和乔灌结构在场地中所占比例, 代表植物垂直结构完整性
    Proportion of tree-shrub-grass and tree-shrub structure in the site, representing the integrity of plant vertical structure
    GB/T 50563约束性指标Restrictive indicator项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    植被覆盖率
    Vegetation coverage rate
    植被地上部分(包括叶、茎、枝)在地面的垂直投影面积占项目区总面积的百分比, 用归一化植物指数(NDVI)表示
    Proportion of the vertical projected area of the above-ground parts of vegetation (including leaves, stems and branches) of the total area of the project area. It is represented by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)
    HJ 192[43]约束性指标Restrictive indicator项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    人为干扰
    强度
    Human disturbance intensity
    距主干路的距离
    Distance from main road
    在OpenStreetMap网站下载道路数据, 利用ArcGIS软件计算距离
    Road data is downloaded from the OpenStreetMap website. The distance is calculated using ArcGIS software
    约束性指标Restrictive indicator项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    距居民区距离
    Distance from residential area
    数据来源于中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所资源环境科学与数据中心
    Data from Resource and Environment Science and Data Center, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    人口密度
    Population density
    数据来源于地理监测云平台
    Data from Geographical Information Monitoring Cloud Platform
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    廊道两侧的土地利用类型
    Land use type on both sides of corridor
    是否为生态林地或无需施肥和农药的农田等对生态系统无干扰的土地
    Whether is it ecological forest land or farmland without fertilizer and pesticide, or other land without disturbance to the ecosystem
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    Qxj为地类j栅格x的生境质量, Hj为地类j的生境适宜度, Dxj为地类j栅格x的生境退化风险指数, k为半饱和常数, R为威胁因子数量, Yr为威胁因子r的栅格数, wr为威胁因子r具有的威胁权重, y为胁迫因子r的栅格, ry为栅格y的威胁值, irxyry对栅格x的威胁水平, βx为威胁因子对栅格x的可达性, Sjr为地类j对威胁因子r的敏感度。Qxj is the habitat quality of grid x under land class j, Hj is the habitat suitability of land class j, Dxj is the habitat degradation risk index of grid x under land class j, k is the semi saturation constant, R is the number of risk sources, Yr is the number of risk source grids, wr is the threat weight of threat factor r, y is all grid units of the threat factor r, ry is the threat value of grid y, irxy is the threat level of ry to grid x, βx is the accessibility of the risk source to grid x, and Sjr is the sensitivity of land class j to the risk source r.
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    生境质量是指生态环境为生物提供适合生存条件的能力, 由生境质量指数(Qxj)和生境退化风险指数(Dxj)表征。利用生态系统服务和权衡的综合评估(InVEST)模型中“生境质量”模块对生态廊道生境质量和退化风险空间特征进行评估。

    水体生态状况由水体岸线自然化率、河流缓冲带宽度和水体连通性3个指标表征。河流缓冲带宽度根据生态修复的类型而有不同, 根据《河湖生态缓冲带保护修复技术指南》[44], 将其分为堤防型、农田型、村落型、养殖塘型、城镇型、复合型6种, 采用《河湖生态缓冲带保护修复技术指南》中的推荐最小值作为评价标准。

    植被覆盖状况包含乔灌木覆盖率和植被覆盖率。植物群落垂直结构中乔灌草和乔灌结构在场地中所占比例越大, 代表群落垂直结构越丰富, 则能为更多种生物提供不同生存环境。乔灌木覆盖率的计算基于遥感影像和当地林业数据, 运用ArcGIS 10.8和Fragstats 4.2软件进行计算。植被覆盖率用评价区域内单位面积归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)表示, 体现植被生长以及覆盖状况。

    人为干扰强度可根据生态廊道距主干路的距离、距居民区距离、人口密度和廊道两侧的土地利用类型来综合评价。人类活动强度反映生态系统受干扰程度, 廊道两侧土地利用类型反映土壤养分状况, 二者综合可以表征廊道生境质量。

    针对生态系统服务提升的评估分为生态系统的调节服务、支持服务、供给服务和文化服务4方面(表5)。

    表  5  生态廊道修复成效评估的生态系统服务提升的评价指标体系
    Table  5.  Evaluation indicator system of ecosystem services promotion of effectiveness evaluation of ecological corridor restoration
    准则层
    Criteria layer
    指标层
    Indicator layer
    指标含义及计算方法
    Indicator meaning and calculation formula
    执行标准
    Executive standard
    指标类型
    Type of indicator
    尺度
    Scale
    调节
    服务
    Regulation service
    土壤综合污染指数
    Soil comprehensive pollution index (PN)
    ${P_{\rm{_N} } } = \sqrt {\dfrac{ {P_{_ {i \; \text{aver} } }^2 + P{_{_{i\max } } ^2}} } {2} }$ GB 15618—2018
    GB 36600—2018
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目/保护修复单元
    Project / protection and restoration unit
    水质监测断面达
    标率
    Compliance rate of water quality monitoring section
    反映水环境治理情况, 水质监测断面达标率=水质达标监测断面(点位)数量/总监测断面(点位)数量×100%
    Reflecting the water environment treatment.
    Compliance rate of water quality monitoring section = number of water quality compliance monitoring sections (points) / number of total monitoring sections (points) × 100%
    GB 3838 推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目/保护修复单元
    Project / protection and restoration unit
    土壤保持量
    Soil conservation quantity (Ac)
    代表土壤保持能力, 反映水土流失情况
    Representing soil conservation capacity and reflecting soil erosion condition
    ${A{\rm{_{_c} } } } = \displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^{ {n} } { {A_{_i} } } \times \left[ {R \times K \times L \times S \times (1 - C)} \right]$
    HJ 1173—2021 推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目
    Project
    水源涵养量
    Water conservation (TQ)
    生态系统对降水进行截留、渗透、蓄积的能力
    Referring to ecosystem’s ability to intercept, infiltrate and accumulate precipitation
    ${\text{TQ} } = \displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^{ {j} } {({P_{_i} } - {R_{_i} } - {\text{E} }{ {\text{T} }_{_i} }) \times {A_{_i} } } \times {10^3}$
    《生态保护红线划定指南》
    Guidelines for Delineation of Ecological Conservation Redline
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目
    Project
    防风固沙指数
    Windbreak and sand fixation index (Qsr)
    代表植被抵抗风力侵蚀和风沙危害的能力
    Representing vegetation’s ability to resist wind erosion and sand hazards
    ${Q_{ _{\text{sr} } } } = 100 \times \left(0.5 \times \dfrac{ { {\text{ NDVI} }{_{_m}} - 0.05} }{ {0.70} } + 0.5 \times \dfrac{ { {\text{NP} }{ {\text{P} }_{_m}} } }{ { {\text{NP} }{ {\text{P} }_{_{\max} } } } }\right)$
    《区域生态质量评价办法(试行)》
    Measures for Regional Ecological Quality Evaluation (Trial)
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目
    Project
    支持服务
    Support service
    净初级生产力
    Net primary productivity (NPP)
    ${\text{NPP} }({{x} },t) = {\text{APAR} }(x,t) \times \varepsilon (x,t)$ 约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目
    Project
    固碳量
    Carbon sequestration
    固碳量为项目区域地上、地下、土壤和死亡有机质的碳密度
    Referring to the carbon density of aboveground, underground, soil, and dead organic matter in the project area
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目
    Project
    供给服务
    Supply service
    经济作物产量
    Cash crop production
    结合当地农业统计数据、遥感测量和农民采访进行统计计算
    Date are calculated by combining local agricultural statistics, remote sensing and farmer interviews
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目
    Project
    文化服务Cultural service 文化遗产价值
    Cultural heritage value
    保留当地民俗和历史文化建筑等, 具备人文历史环境。基于SolVES模型进行定量评估
    Preserving local folk customs and historical and cultural buildings with cultural and historical environment. Quantitative evaluation is based on SolVES model
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project / protection and restoration unit
    休闲游憩价值
    Leisure and recreation value
    提供娱乐、游憩的活动场所。基于SolVES模型进行定量评估
    Places providing entertainment and recreation. Quantitative evaluation is based on SolVES model
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project / protection and restoration unit
    美学价值
    Aesthetic value
    景色具有吸引力。基于SolVES模型进行定量评估
    Attractive scenery. Quantitative evaluation is based on SolVES model
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project / protection and restoration unit
    康养价值
    Health value
    幽静自然的环境让人身心愉悦。基于SolVES模型进行定量
    评估
    Quiet and natural environment makes people happy physically and mentally. Quantitative evaluation is based on SolVES model
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project / protection and restoration unit
      Pi aver为单项污染指数平均值; Pi max为最大单项污染指数; Ai为第i类生态系统的面积, hm2; R为降雨侵蚀力因子, MJ∙mm∙hm−2∙h−1∙a−1; K为土壤可蚀性因子, t∙hm2∙h∙hm−2∙MJ−1∙mm−1; L为坡长因子; S为坡度因子; C为植被覆盖因子; i为项目区第i类生态系统类型; n为项目区生态系统类型数; TQ为总水源涵养量, m3; Pi为降雨量, mm; Ri为地表径流量, mm; ETi为蒸散发, mm; j为项目区域生态系统类型数; Qsr为防风固沙指数; NDVIm为评价全面m像元归一化植被指数(NDVI)的最大值, kg(C)·m−2; NPPm为评价年全年m像元植被净初级生产力(NPP)的累积值, kg(C)·m−2; NPPmax为项目建设范围内最好气象条件下的NPP, kg(C)·m−2; NPP(x,t)为净初级生产力; APAR(x, t)为像元xt月份吸收的光和有效辐射, MJ·m−2; ε(x, t)为像元xt月份的实际光能利用率, g(C)·MJ−1Pi aver is the average value of a single pollution index; Pi max is the maximum single pollution index; Ai is the area of ecosystem type i, hm2; R is the rainfall erosivity factor, MJ∙mm∙hm−2∙h−1∙a−1; K is the soil erodibility factor, t∙hm2∙h∙hm−2∙MJ−1∙mm−1; L is the slope length factor; S is the slope factor; C is the vegetation coverage factor; i is ecosystem type in the project area; n is the number of ecosystem types in the project area; TQ is the total water source conservation amount, m3; Pi is the rainfall, mm; Ri is the surface runoff, mm; ETi is evapotranspiration, mm; j is the number of ecosystem types in the project area; Qsr is the windbreak and sand-fixing index; NDVIm is the annual cumulative value of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of pixel m, kg(C)·m−2; NPPm is the annual cumulative value of net primary productivity of vegetation (NPP) of pixel m, kg(C)·m−2; NPPmax is the NPP under the best meteorological conditions within the project construction scope, kg(C)·m−2; NPP(x,t) is net primary productivity; APAR(x, t) is the light and effective radiation absorbed by pixel x in month t, MJ·m−2; ε(x, t) is the actual light energy utilization rate of pixel x in month t , g(C)·MJ−1.
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    1)生态系统调节服务。调节服务指标包括土壤综合污染指数、水质监测断面达标率、土壤保持量、水源涵养量和风蚀产沙量, 对应表征土壤污染状态、水环境质量、水土流失情况、水源涵养能力、防风固沙效果。借鉴已有研究结果[45]和我国资源环境承载力评估所使用的方法, 土壤保持量、水源涵养量和风蚀产沙量的评估方法选择模型评估法。

    土壤污染主要影响参数为重金属含量, 评价方法使用内梅罗指数法, 该指数可以兼顾极值或突出最大值, 能够较全面地评价重金属的污染程度[46]。计算公式为:

    $$ P_{i}=C_{i}/S_{i} $$ (1)

    式中: Pi为第i种污染物的单项污染指数; Ci为污染物的实测值, mg∙L−1; Si为选取的第i种污染物的土壤环境质量标准值, mg∙L−1; Si的选取参照《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》[47]和《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》[48]

    土壤综合污染指数计算公式为:

    $$ {P_{\rm{N}}} = \sqrt {\frac{{P_{{{i \;{\rm{aver}}}}}^2 + P_{i\; \max }^2}}{2}} $$ (2)

    式中: PN为土壤综合污染指数; Pi aver为单项污染指数平均值; Pi max为最大单项污染指数。

    水环境质量采用水质监测断面达标率指标表征。水质监测包含pH、溶解氧、悬浮物、化学需氧量、氨氮、总磷等参数, 并根据水质类型增减参数。水质达标情况参照《地表水环境质量标准》[49]执行。

    土壤保持量采用修正通用土壤流失方程[50]进行计算, 其公式为:

    $$ {A_{\text{c}}} = \displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^{{n}} {{A_i}} \times \left[ {R \times K \times L \times S \times (1 - C)} \right] $$ (3)

    式中: Ac为土壤保持量, t∙a−1; Ai为第i类生态系统的面积, hm2; R为降雨侵蚀力因子, MJ∙mm∙hm−2∙h−1∙a−1; K为土壤可蚀性因子, t∙hm2∙h∙hm−2∙MJ−1∙mm−1; L为坡长因子; S为坡度因子; C为植被覆盖因子; i为项目区第i类生态系统类型; n为项目区生态系统类型数。单个因子计算和获取参考《全国生态状况调查评估技术规范——生态系统服务功能评估》[51]

    2)生态系统支持服务。生态系统支持服务选用净初级生产力和固碳量2个指标表征。生态系统的固碳服务用固碳量表征, 采用InVEST模型中的碳储存模块进行计算。

    3)生态系统供给服务。供给服务指从生态系统获得的各种产品, 不包括对生态系统提升起反作用的经济指标, 如木材生产量。相关产品产量可从当地统计部门获取。

    4)生态系统文化服务。文化服务涵盖娱乐休闲、美学欣赏等多功能价值, 有助于增进居民对修复后生态空间的认同感和满意度, 对于提升修复地质量、增进居民福祉具有重要意义[52]。采用生态系统服务社会价值模型(SolVES)中的社会价值和价值制图子模型对生态系统文化服务进行量化评估, 包含文化遗产价值、休闲游憩价值、美学价值和康养价值4个指标。游客意愿偏好的数据来源于问卷调查和通过社交媒体收集, 利用ArcGIS 10.8中的核密度工具分析指标点的分布状况, 借助SolVES对社会价值进行归一化, 确定以上4个指标的最大价值指数。

    生态修复成效评估体系在指标的选取和计算方法上参考了目前现行的行业标准、国家规范等已有评估体系的成果, 增加了景观格局和生态系统服务的内容, 弥补了现有评估体系的不足[16,52]。指标选取与计算方法尽量有权威出处, 各个指标均可通过遥感监测、样带调查、模型模拟等方法进行分析; 对较为复杂或目前尚未统一的评估方法, 则选择当前研究常用方法, 如土壤综合污染情况评估[46]和生态系统固碳量评估[53]。由于生态廊道常包含多种生态系统, 41项指标经过筛选后具有代表性和典型性, 但整体指标数量与复杂庞大的生态系统相比仍显不足。虽然减少了评估指标数量、降低了个别指标计算难度, 但在实践操作层面可行性较高, 能够较为容易地开展评估工作。

    生态廊道的保护修复工程涉及多种生态系统, 修复内容具有综合性, 所以本研究提出构建一套全面、系统的评估指标体系, 并将指标分为约束性指标和推荐性指标, 分别应用于共性必选项目和个性可选项目, 增强了评估指标体系应用的灵活性。所以, 该评估指标体系不仅适用于生态廊道修复项目, 而且普适于项目尺度的国土空间生态保护修复工程。此外, 本研究根据生态系统具有尺度效应的特点[4]。在项目尺度(区域尺度)主要评估景观格局、生物多样性、栖息地质量和生态系统服务; 在生态保护修复单元尺度(场地尺度), 根据场地所处区域特性和面临的生态风险来确定评估内容, 主要评估各类生态系统质量以及主导的生态系统服务。通过两种尺度的评估内容, 结合约束性指标和推荐性指标, 可以反映不同评估对象的关键环节和主要方面。

    在对生态廊道修复成效进行评估时, 各指标在总体评价中的作用是有区别的[54], 确定指标权重后再进行评估可以更加真实、准确地反映项目修复成效。本研究只是完成了生态廊道成效评估指标体系的构建以及确定指标的量化方法和评估标准, 笔者将在此研究基础上, 对生态廊道修复项目进行实地调查和样本数据采集, 了解各评估指标的影响程度, 确定各指标的权重, 进一步验证和改进评估指标体系。

    构建科学准确且全面的生态修复评估指标体系, 对于反映山水林田湖草沙生态保护修复工程的实施效果及改进和完善生态修复工作具有重要意义。本研究提出一种集成景观格局和生态系统服务的评估途径, 明确不同空间尺度的评估重点, 并通过设定约束性指标和推荐性指标, 统筹考虑不同地区各生态要素的一体化保护与修复, 在一定程度上优化了原有生态修复成效评估的局限性。在生态修复工程成效评估实际中, 可从本研究提出的评估方法出发, 结合工程实际, 有针对性地选择共性指标开展评估, 根据评估结果, 对生态保护修复工作进行调整和修正。

  • 图  1   基于景观格局和生态系统服务的生态廊道修复成效评估的研究技术路线

    Figure  1.   Research technology roadmap of effectiveness evaluation of ecological corridor restoration based on landscape pattern and ecosystem services

    表  1   基于景观格局和生态系统服务的生态廊道修复成效评估指标体系

    Table  1   Effectiveness evaluation indicator system of ecological corridor restoration based on landscape pattern and ecosystem services

    项目层
    Project layer
    准则层
    Criteria layer
    指标层
    Indicator layer
    景观格局优化
    Landscape pattern optimization
    生态廊道特征
    Ecological corridor characteristics
    密度指数、平均宽度、最小宽度
    Density index, average width and minimum width
    景观多样性
    Landscape diversity
    Shannon多样性指数
    Shannon diversity index
    景观破碎度
    Landscape fragmentation
    斑块密度、蔓延度指数、聚集度指数
    Patch density, contagion index and aggregation index
    景观连通性
    Landscape connectivity
    整体连通性指数、可能连通性指数
    Integral index of connectivity and index of possible connectivity
    生物多样性保护
    Biodiversity conservation
    物种多样性
    Species diversity
    植物多样性、鸟类多样性、鱼类多样性、哺乳类动物多样性、两栖爬行类动物多样性
    Plant diversity, bird diversity, fish diversity, mammal diversity, and diversity of amphibians and reptiles
    外来物种入侵度
    Invasion degree by alien species
    本地物种种数、外来物种数目、有害物种数目
    Numbers of local species, alien species and harmful species
    物种濒危程度
    Endangered species condition
    珍稀和濒危物种数量
    Number of rare and endangered species
    栖息地保护与构建
    Habitat conservation and construction
    生境质量
    Habitat quality
    生境质量指数、生境退化风险指数
    Habitat quality index and habitat degradation risk index
    水体生态状况
    Water ecological condition
    水体岸线自然化率、生态缓冲带宽度、水体连通性
    Naturalization rate of water shoreline, width of ecological buffer zone, and water connectivity
    植被覆盖状况
    Vegetation cover condition
    乔灌木覆盖率、植被覆盖率
    Coverage rate of tree and shrub, and vegetation coverage rate
    人为干扰强度
    Human disturbance intensity
    距主干路的距离、距居民区距离、人口密度、廊道两侧的土地利用类型
    Distance from main road, distance from residential area, population density, and land use type on both sides of corridor
    生态系统服务提升
    Ecosystem service improvement
    调节服务
    Regulation service
    土壤综合污染指数、水质监测断面达标率、土壤保持量、水源涵养量、防风固沙指数
    Soil comprehensive pollution index, compliance rate of water quality monitoring section, soil conservation quantity, water conservation, and index of windbreak and sand fixation
    支持服务
    Support service
    净初级生产力、固碳量
    Net primary productivity and carbon sequestration
    供给服务
    Supply service
    经济作物产量
    Cash crop production
    文化服务
    Cultural service
    文化遗产价值、休闲游憩价值、美学价值、康养价值
    Cultural heritage value, leisure and recreation value, aesthetic value, and health value
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   生态廊道修复成效评估的景观格局优化评价指标体系

    Table  2   Evaluation indicator system of landscape pattern optimization of effectiveness evaluation of ecological corridor restoration

    准则层
    Criteria layer
    指标层
    Indicator layer
    指标含义及计算公式
    Indicator meaning and calculation formula
    变量释义
    Variable definition
    指标类型
    Indicator type
    尺度
    Scale
    生态廊道特征
    Ecological corridor characteristics
    密度指数
    Density index
    景观区域中廊道数量与该景观区域总面积的
    比值
    Ratio of corridors number in the landscape area to the total area of the landscape
    m是景观类型数量, n是斑块数量; Ni是景观类型i的斑块数; Ai是景观类型i的面积; Pi是第i类景观类型的面积占景观总面积的比值; giki类型斑块和k类型斑块毗邻的数目; giii类型斑块像元毗邻的数量; max是i类型斑块像元可能毗邻的最大数量; ai是斑块i的面积; aj是斑块j的面积; nlij是斑块i和斑块j之间的连接数; AL是整个景观的面积; Pij*是物种在斑块i和斑块j直接扩散的最大可能性
    m is the number of landscape types; n is the number of patches; Ni is the number of patches of landscape type i; Ai is the area of landscape type i; Pi is the ratio of the area of landscape type i to the total area of the landscape; gik is the number of adjacent patches of type i and type k; gii is the number of adjacent pixels of type i patch; max is the maximum number of possible adjacent pixels of type i patch; ai is the area of patch i; aj is the area of patch j; nlij is the number of connections between patch i and patch j; AL is the area of the whole landscape; Pij* is the maximum possibility of direct diffusion of species in patch i and patch j
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目
    Project
    平均宽度
    Average width
    廊道面积与廊道长度的比值
    Ratio of corridor area to corridor
    length
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    最小宽度
    Minimum width
    廊道最窄处的宽度
    Width of the narrowest area of the
    corridor
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    景观多样性
    Landscape diversity
    Shannon
    多样性指数
    Shannon diversity index (SHDI)
    反映景观多样性
    Reflecting landscape diversity
    ${\text{SHDI} } = - \displaystyle\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^m {({P_i} } \times \ln {P_i})$
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    景观破碎度
    Landscape fragmentation
    斑块密度
    Patch density (PD)
    反映景观斑块分化
    Reflecting the differentiation of landscape patches
    $ {\text{PD}} = \dfrac{{{{\text{N}}_i}}}{{{A_i}}} $
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    蔓延度指数
    Contagion index (CONTAG)
    反映景观里不同斑块类型的团聚程度和延展
    趋势
    Reflecting the aggregation degree and contagion trend of different patch types in the landscape
    ${\text{CONTAG} } = \left\{ {1 + \dfrac{ {\displaystyle\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^m \displaystyle\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{k = 1}^m \Biggr[ { { {P_i} } \times \Bigg(\dfrac{ { {g_{_{ik} } } } }{ {\displaystyle\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{k = i}^{ {\text{AI} } } { {g_{_{ik} } } } } }\Bigg)} \Biggr]} }{ {2\times\ln m} } } \right\} \times 100$
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    聚集度指数
    Aggregation index (AI)
    反映不同斑块的聚集程度
    Reflecting the aggregation degree of different patches
    ${\text{AI} } = \left[ {\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^{ {m} } {} \left( {\dfrac{ { {g_{_{ii}} } } }{ {\max - {g_{_{ii}} } } } } \right) \times P_i} \right] \times 100$
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    景观连通性
    Landscape connectivity
    整体连通性指数
    Integral index of connectivity (IIC)
    表征生境斑块之间的连通性
    Representing the connectivity between habitat patches
    ${\rm{ IIC} } = \dfrac{ {\displaystyle\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n \displaystyle\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{j = 1}^n \left[ {({a_i} \times {a_j})/(1 + { {\rm{nl} }_{{i j} } })} \right]} } { { {A_{\rm{L} } }^2} }$
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    可能连通性指数
    Possibility connectivity index (PC)
    生境斑块之间的连通可能性
    Possibility of connection between habitat patches
    ${\text{PC} } = \frac{ {\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n {} \displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{j = 1}^n ( {a_i} \times {a_j} \times {p_{_{i j} } }^*)} }{ {A_{ { {\rm{L} }^{} } }^2} }$
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   生态廊道修复成效评估的生物多样性保护评价指标体系

    Table  3   Evaluation indicator system of biodiversity protection of effectiveness evaluation of ecological corridor restoration

    准则层
    Criteria layer
    指标层
    Indicator layer
    指标含义及计算方法
    Indicator meaning and calculation formula
    执行标准
    Executive standard
    指标类型
    Indicator type
    尺度
    Scale
    物种多样性
    Species diversity
    植物多样性
    Plant diversity
    采用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数表征
    Characterized by Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H)
    $H = - \displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^S {\left( { {P_i} \times \ln {P_i} } \right)}$
    HJ 623[38]约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目
    Project
    鸟类多样性
    Bird diversity
    鱼类多样性
    Fish diversity
    哺乳类动物多样性
    Mammal diversity
    两栖爬行类
    动物多样性
    Diverstiy of amphibians and reptiles
    外来物种入侵度
    Invasion degree by aline species
    本地物种数目
    Number of local species
    反映本地生态系统的保持情况
    Reflecting the maintenance of local ecosystem
    外地物种数目
    Number of aline species
    外来入侵物种的种类和数量变化
    Species and quantity changes of aline invasive species
    有害物种数目
    Number of harmful species
    外来入侵有害物种和本地有害物种的种类和数量变化
    Species and quantity changes of aline invasive and local harmful species
    物种濒危程度
    Endangered degree
    珍稀、濒危物种数量
    Number of rare and endangered species
    反映重要物种的受保护情况
    Reflecting the protection of important species
    《中国物种红色
    名录》[39]
    China Species Red List
    S为调查区域内物种总数; i 为物种种类; Pi为物种i的相对重要值。S represents the total number of species within the survey area, i represents the species, Pi is the relative importance value of species i.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4   生态廊道修复成效评估的栖息地保护与构建评价指标体系

    Table  4   Evaluation indicator system of habitat protection and construction of effectiveness evaluation of ecological corridor restoration

    准则层
    Criteria layer
    指标层
    Indicator layer
    指标含义及计算方法
    Indicator meaning and calculation formula
    执行标准
    Executive standard
    指标类型
    Indicator type
    尺度
    Scale
    生境质量
    Habitat quality
    生境质量指数
    Habitat quality index (Qxj)
    代表某种土地利用类型自身的适宜程度
    Representing suitability of a land use type
    ${Q_{_{x{ { j} } } } } = {H_{_j} } \times \left( {1 - \frac{ {D_{ { {x j} } }^{\text{2} } } }{ {D_{x j}^2 + {k^2} } } } \right)$
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目
    Project
    生境退化风险指数
    Habitat degradation risk index (Dxj)
    代表生境受到威胁后的退化程度
    Representing degradation degree of habitat under threat
    ${D_{_{x j} } } = \displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{r = 1}^R {\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{y = 1}^{ {Y_r} } {\left( {\frac{ { {w_{_r} } } }{ {\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{r = 1}^R { {w_{_r} } } } } } \right)} } \times {r_{_y} } \times {i_{_{rxy} } } \times {\beta _{_x} } \times {S_{_{ jr} } }$
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目
    Project
    水体生态
    状况
    Water ecological condition
    水体岸线自然化率
    Naturalization rate of water shoreline
    自然岸线长度占水体岸线总长度的比例
    Proportion of natural shoreline length to total length of water shoreline
    GB/T 50563[41]推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    生态缓冲带宽度
    Width of ecological buffer zone
    指陆地生态系统与河湖水域生态系统之间的连接带和过渡区的宽度
    Referring to width of connecting zone and transition zone between the terrestrial ecosystem and the rivers and lakes ecosystem
    《河湖生态缓冲带保护修复技术指南》
    Technical Guidelines for Ecological Restoration of Riparian Buffers of Rivers and Lakes
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    水体连通性
    Water connectivity
    反映河湖系统内生态元素在空间结构上的纵向联系, 水体连通性=河流长度/闸、坝等河湖障碍物数量×100%
    Reflecting vertical relationship of ecological elements in the spatial structure of river and lake system. Water connectivity=river length / number of obstacles such as gates and dams in rivers and lakes × 100%
    SL 709[42]推荐性指标Recommended indicator项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    植被覆盖
    状况
    Vegetation cover conditions
    乔灌木覆盖率
    Coverage rate of tree and shrub
    乔灌草和乔灌结构在场地中所占比例, 代表植物垂直结构完整性
    Proportion of tree-shrub-grass and tree-shrub structure in the site, representing the integrity of plant vertical structure
    GB/T 50563约束性指标Restrictive indicator项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    植被覆盖率
    Vegetation coverage rate
    植被地上部分(包括叶、茎、枝)在地面的垂直投影面积占项目区总面积的百分比, 用归一化植物指数(NDVI)表示
    Proportion of the vertical projected area of the above-ground parts of vegetation (including leaves, stems and branches) of the total area of the project area. It is represented by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)
    HJ 192[43]约束性指标Restrictive indicator项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    人为干扰
    强度
    Human disturbance intensity
    距主干路的距离
    Distance from main road
    在OpenStreetMap网站下载道路数据, 利用ArcGIS软件计算距离
    Road data is downloaded from the OpenStreetMap website. The distance is calculated using ArcGIS software
    约束性指标Restrictive indicator项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    距居民区距离
    Distance from residential area
    数据来源于中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所资源环境科学与数据中心
    Data from Resource and Environment Science and Data Center, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    人口密度
    Population density
    数据来源于地理监测云平台
    Data from Geographical Information Monitoring Cloud Platform
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    廊道两侧的土地利用类型
    Land use type on both sides of corridor
    是否为生态林地或无需施肥和农药的农田等对生态系统无干扰的土地
    Whether is it ecological forest land or farmland without fertilizer and pesticide, or other land without disturbance to the ecosystem
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project/
    protection and restoration unit
    Qxj为地类j栅格x的生境质量, Hj为地类j的生境适宜度, Dxj为地类j栅格x的生境退化风险指数, k为半饱和常数, R为威胁因子数量, Yr为威胁因子r的栅格数, wr为威胁因子r具有的威胁权重, y为胁迫因子r的栅格, ry为栅格y的威胁值, irxyry对栅格x的威胁水平, βx为威胁因子对栅格x的可达性, Sjr为地类j对威胁因子r的敏感度。Qxj is the habitat quality of grid x under land class j, Hj is the habitat suitability of land class j, Dxj is the habitat degradation risk index of grid x under land class j, k is the semi saturation constant, R is the number of risk sources, Yr is the number of risk source grids, wr is the threat weight of threat factor r, y is all grid units of the threat factor r, ry is the threat value of grid y, irxy is the threat level of ry to grid x, βx is the accessibility of the risk source to grid x, and Sjr is the sensitivity of land class j to the risk source r.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5   生态廊道修复成效评估的生态系统服务提升的评价指标体系

    Table  5   Evaluation indicator system of ecosystem services promotion of effectiveness evaluation of ecological corridor restoration

    准则层
    Criteria layer
    指标层
    Indicator layer
    指标含义及计算方法
    Indicator meaning and calculation formula
    执行标准
    Executive standard
    指标类型
    Type of indicator
    尺度
    Scale
    调节
    服务
    Regulation service
    土壤综合污染指数
    Soil comprehensive pollution index (PN)
    ${P_{\rm{_N} } } = \sqrt {\dfrac{ {P_{_ {i \; \text{aver} } }^2 + P{_{_{i\max } } ^2}} } {2} }$ GB 15618—2018
    GB 36600—2018
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目/保护修复单元
    Project / protection and restoration unit
    水质监测断面达
    标率
    Compliance rate of water quality monitoring section
    反映水环境治理情况, 水质监测断面达标率=水质达标监测断面(点位)数量/总监测断面(点位)数量×100%
    Reflecting the water environment treatment.
    Compliance rate of water quality monitoring section = number of water quality compliance monitoring sections (points) / number of total monitoring sections (points) × 100%
    GB 3838 推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目/保护修复单元
    Project / protection and restoration unit
    土壤保持量
    Soil conservation quantity (Ac)
    代表土壤保持能力, 反映水土流失情况
    Representing soil conservation capacity and reflecting soil erosion condition
    ${A{\rm{_{_c} } } } = \displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^{ {n} } { {A_{_i} } } \times \left[ {R \times K \times L \times S \times (1 - C)} \right]$
    HJ 1173—2021 推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目
    Project
    水源涵养量
    Water conservation (TQ)
    生态系统对降水进行截留、渗透、蓄积的能力
    Referring to ecosystem’s ability to intercept, infiltrate and accumulate precipitation
    ${\text{TQ} } = \displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^{ {j} } {({P_{_i} } - {R_{_i} } - {\text{E} }{ {\text{T} }_{_i} }) \times {A_{_i} } } \times {10^3}$
    《生态保护红线划定指南》
    Guidelines for Delineation of Ecological Conservation Redline
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目
    Project
    防风固沙指数
    Windbreak and sand fixation index (Qsr)
    代表植被抵抗风力侵蚀和风沙危害的能力
    Representing vegetation’s ability to resist wind erosion and sand hazards
    ${Q_{ _{\text{sr} } } } = 100 \times \left(0.5 \times \dfrac{ { {\text{ NDVI} }{_{_m}} - 0.05} }{ {0.70} } + 0.5 \times \dfrac{ { {\text{NP} }{ {\text{P} }_{_m}} } }{ { {\text{NP} }{ {\text{P} }_{_{\max} } } } }\right)$
    《区域生态质量评价办法(试行)》
    Measures for Regional Ecological Quality Evaluation (Trial)
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目
    Project
    支持服务
    Support service
    净初级生产力
    Net primary productivity (NPP)
    ${\text{NPP} }({{x} },t) = {\text{APAR} }(x,t) \times \varepsilon (x,t)$ 约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目
    Project
    固碳量
    Carbon sequestration
    固碳量为项目区域地上、地下、土壤和死亡有机质的碳密度
    Referring to the carbon density of aboveground, underground, soil, and dead organic matter in the project area
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目
    Project
    供给服务
    Supply service
    经济作物产量
    Cash crop production
    结合当地农业统计数据、遥感测量和农民采访进行统计计算
    Date are calculated by combining local agricultural statistics, remote sensing and farmer interviews
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目
    Project
    文化服务Cultural service 文化遗产价值
    Cultural heritage value
    保留当地民俗和历史文化建筑等, 具备人文历史环境。基于SolVES模型进行定量评估
    Preserving local folk customs and historical and cultural buildings with cultural and historical environment. Quantitative evaluation is based on SolVES model
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project / protection and restoration unit
    休闲游憩价值
    Leisure and recreation value
    提供娱乐、游憩的活动场所。基于SolVES模型进行定量评估
    Places providing entertainment and recreation. Quantitative evaluation is based on SolVES model
    约束性指标
    Restrictive indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project / protection and restoration unit
    美学价值
    Aesthetic value
    景色具有吸引力。基于SolVES模型进行定量评估
    Attractive scenery. Quantitative evaluation is based on SolVES model
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project / protection and restoration unit
    康养价值
    Health value
    幽静自然的环境让人身心愉悦。基于SolVES模型进行定量
    评估
    Quiet and natural environment makes people happy physically and mentally. Quantitative evaluation is based on SolVES model
    推荐性指标
    Recommended indicator
    项目/保护修复单元 Project / protection and restoration unit
      Pi aver为单项污染指数平均值; Pi max为最大单项污染指数; Ai为第i类生态系统的面积, hm2; R为降雨侵蚀力因子, MJ∙mm∙hm−2∙h−1∙a−1; K为土壤可蚀性因子, t∙hm2∙h∙hm−2∙MJ−1∙mm−1; L为坡长因子; S为坡度因子; C为植被覆盖因子; i为项目区第i类生态系统类型; n为项目区生态系统类型数; TQ为总水源涵养量, m3; Pi为降雨量, mm; Ri为地表径流量, mm; ETi为蒸散发, mm; j为项目区域生态系统类型数; Qsr为防风固沙指数; NDVIm为评价全面m像元归一化植被指数(NDVI)的最大值, kg(C)·m−2; NPPm为评价年全年m像元植被净初级生产力(NPP)的累积值, kg(C)·m−2; NPPmax为项目建设范围内最好气象条件下的NPP, kg(C)·m−2; NPP(x,t)为净初级生产力; APAR(x, t)为像元xt月份吸收的光和有效辐射, MJ·m−2; ε(x, t)为像元xt月份的实际光能利用率, g(C)·MJ−1Pi aver is the average value of a single pollution index; Pi max is the maximum single pollution index; Ai is the area of ecosystem type i, hm2; R is the rainfall erosivity factor, MJ∙mm∙hm−2∙h−1∙a−1; K is the soil erodibility factor, t∙hm2∙h∙hm−2∙MJ−1∙mm−1; L is the slope length factor; S is the slope factor; C is the vegetation coverage factor; i is ecosystem type in the project area; n is the number of ecosystem types in the project area; TQ is the total water source conservation amount, m3; Pi is the rainfall, mm; Ri is the surface runoff, mm; ETi is evapotranspiration, mm; j is the number of ecosystem types in the project area; Qsr is the windbreak and sand-fixing index; NDVIm is the annual cumulative value of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of pixel m, kg(C)·m−2; NPPm is the annual cumulative value of net primary productivity of vegetation (NPP) of pixel m, kg(C)·m−2; NPPmax is the NPP under the best meteorological conditions within the project construction scope, kg(C)·m−2; NPP(x,t) is net primary productivity; APAR(x, t) is the light and effective radiation absorbed by pixel x in month t, MJ·m−2; ε(x, t) is the actual light energy utilization rate of pixel x in month t , g(C)·MJ−1.
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2023-02-15
  • 录用日期:  2023-06-12
  • 网络出版日期:  2023-07-12
  • 刊出日期:  2023-10-15

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