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摘要: 发展缓控释肥料是实现化肥减量增效的重要方向, 在支撑现代农业绿色发展中发挥着重要作用。文章回顾了北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所在该领域32年的研究工作, 从研究历程、队伍建设、产品开发和农化服务等方面阐述了缓控释肥料自实验室走向农田的来龙去脉, 对未来的研究方向进行了分析与展望。研究所1991—1998年相继研制出沸石包膜肥料和聚烯烃树脂包膜肥料。1999—2015年, 控释肥料逐步实现产业化。2016年以后, 生物基包膜控释肥料受到重视, 研究取得了较大进展。沸石包衣肥料是以天然沸石为包膜剂的无机包膜肥料。聚烯烃树脂包膜肥料是将树脂溶液喷洒在肥料表面形成一层半渗透或不渗透材料, 以实现养分的控制释放。聚氨酯包膜肥料是一种热固性树脂包膜控释肥料, 无溶剂原位反应成膜是其常用生产工艺, 研究所先后开发了半自动、自动化连续生产技术。研究所缓控释肥料的创制服务了从大田到园艺系列作物养分精准需求, 带动了肥料产业升级、面源污染治理、肥料减量增效工作的开展。为适应农业发展的现实需求, 未来仍需在肥料产品包膜材料生物可降解、肥料养分释放多阶段连续可控、大规模连续化生产工艺创新、肥料产品质量在线快速检测技术、作物专用多元复合控释功能肥料等方面持续研究。Abstract: The development of slow-release and controlled-release fertilizers is an important way to reduce fertilizer rates, improve their use efficiency, and play an important role in supporting the sustainable development of modern agriculture. This paper reviewed 32 years of research in the fertilizer field at the Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources, and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences. The research process, team organization, product innovation, and fertilization service of different fertilizers from the laboratory to the field were introduced, and future research directions were analyzed and prospected. Since 1991, the institute has been researching and developing slow-release and controlled-release fertilizers. In the initial stage (1991–1998), zeolite- and resin-coated fertilizers were successively developed. During the rapid development stage (1999–2015), controlled-release fertilizer products gradually realized industrialization and drove the development of the industry. During the stable promotion period (2016–), attention has been paid to bio-based coated controlled-release fertilizers, and considerable progress has been made. Zeolite-coated urea is an inorganic fertilizer that uses natural zeolite as a coating agent. Their functional characteristics were investigated, and a series of fertilizer formulations and application techniques were developed. Resin-coated fertilizers are prepared by spraying a layer of semi-permeable or impermeable material onto the fertilizer surface to achieve a controlled release of nutrients. The production process of the polyolefin resin is divided into three parts: dissolution of the coating material in the solvent, granule coating, and solvent recovery. In 1998, the institute developed spouted-bed coating equipment with an annual output of 2000 t of resin-coated fertilizer. Thermosetting resin-coated fertilizer is another major type for which the solvent-free in situ reaction film-forming process is commonly used. A high-efficiency mixed spraying method with a self-cleaning function was proposed, and semiautomatic and continuous automatic production was developed one after another. Simultaneously, nutrient release prediction technology and online rapid detection technology were developed for controlled-release fertilizers, and a series of special formula fertilizers and their application technologies were developed. The innovation of slow-release and controlled-release fertilizers has served the precise nutrient requirements of crops from the field to horticulture and promoted upgrading the fertilizer industry, reducing the fertilizer rate, enhancing fertilizer use efficiency, and even controlling non-point source pollution. To meet the realistic need for agricultural development in the future, it is still necessary to continuously study biodegradable coating materials for fertilizer products, the multi-stage continuously controllable release of nutrients, innovative large-scale and continuous production processes, online rapid detection technologies for product quality, and special multi-component and controlled-release functional fertilizers for crops.
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20世纪80—90年代我国针对主要农作物已经构建了测土配方施肥技术体系, 复合肥料、复混肥料的开发利用逐步形成气候, 全国涌现出了一大批万吨级的复合(混)肥料企业, 带动了测土配方施肥技术的推广应用, 北京市农林科学院土壤肥料研究所及之后的植物营养与资源研究所(植物营养与资源环境研究所前身, 以下简称研究所)当时就认定了专用肥料的开发是推动学科发展、支撑植物营养的重要抓手, 一批专家直接参与了与复合(混)肥料企业的合作, 在肥料配方、生产技术等方面进行研究。随着时代的进步以及对外交往的深入, 所内专家们前瞻性地意识到开发缓控释肥料产品和技术, 能更好地适应机械化、省力化施肥和提高化肥利用率的需要, 这必将是未来的大方向, 于是从1991年开始, 研究所即启动了缓控释肥料的研发并坚持至今。32年来, 在缓控释肥料方面开发过沸石包衣肥料、聚烯烃树脂包膜肥料、聚氨酯包膜肥料、脲醛复合肥料、棒状复合肥料以及基于缓控释肥料复配的专用配方肥料, 其中有代表性的、在市场上比较有影响的是前3种肥料。本文以此3种肥料为重点阐述研究所研发历程及在相关方面的贡献。
1. 32年研究历程
1.1 起步阶段(1991—1998年), 先后开发出沸石包衣肥料和树脂包膜尿素
研究所在缓控释肥料方面的研究可追溯到“七五”时期, 刘广余研究员团队在北京市科学技术委员会“八五”重点课题“沸石在复合肥中的作用与应用技术研究”(1991—1993年)的资助下, 最早开发出沸石包衣尿素和沸石复混肥专利技术, 研制和生产作物专用沸石复混肥。其后, 徐秋明研究员团队率先在国内开展树脂包膜控释肥研发, 在北京市科学技术委员会重点课题“新型可调控缓释尿素的研究”(1994—1996年)资助下, 自主研制出我国第一台实验性喷流式颗粒肥料包衣机和养分可控制释放的树脂包膜尿素, 这项成果填补了我国当时在控释肥料方面的研究空白。
1.2 快速发展阶段(1999—2015年), 控释肥料实现产业化并带动行业发展
1999年国内首次开发成功树脂包膜控释肥生产技术, 率先研制出我国第一套年产2000 t喷动式树脂包膜肥料生产设备, 实现了溶剂型热塑性树脂包膜肥料的产业化。研究所同年成立斯格利复合肥料制造有限公司, 公司制定了包膜尿素企业标准, 树脂包膜控释肥年生产能力达4000 t。2004年进一步与首创集团合资成立首创新型肥料制造有限公司, 树脂包膜控释肥生产线增加到6套, 年产能提升到12 000 t。此后, 为了满足市场对控释肥的强劲需求和加快树脂包膜控释肥推广应用, 通过技术转让方式, 研究所先后建成了4家树脂包膜控释肥生产基地(北京富特来复合肥料有限公司、三河市香丰肥业有限公司、四川好时吉化工有限公司、铁岭科聚佳农业科技发展有限公司)。
为了进一步提升控释肥产量质量、降低成本以及更好地满足作物的养分需求, 研究所后续又相继研发出具有自主知识产权的连续化三塔树脂包膜控释肥料设备工艺, 并在国内首次开发成功具有S型释放曲线的控释肥料[1-2]。以连续化生产和S型控释肥为核心技术, 研究所以技术入股的形式与中国安华集团合作成立了安华农科(北京)缓控释肥科技开发有限公司, 在湖南岳阳建立控释肥生产基地, 建成并投产产能分别为1万t和6万t的控释肥和控释专用肥生产线。
在控释肥团队多年的努力下, 研究所于2011年获得了北京市科委首批授权成立的“北京市缓控释肥料工程技术研究中心”。研究所在控释肥方面的研究进展得益于北京市科学技术委员会、科技部、农业部和北京市农林科学院等多个项目/课题的持续支持, 详见表1。
表 1 树脂包膜控释肥资助科研项目情况Table 1. Research projects related to resin coated controlled-release fertilizers项目来源
Project resource时间
Time项目名称
Project name主持人
Project director北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology1997—2000 北京新型长效肥料中试基地
Beijing pilot base of new long time effective fertilizer刘宝存
LIU Baocun北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2000—2004 新型肥料研制与产业化
Development and industrialization of new fertilizer刘宝存
LIU Baocun国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)
National High-tech R&D Program of China
(863 Program)2001—2004 环境友好型肥料研制与产业化
Development and industrialization of environment-friendly fertilizer徐秋明
XU Qiuming科技部攻关项目
Key Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology2001—2004 新型缓控释肥料研制与产业化
Development and industrialization of new slow and
controlled release fertilizer徐秋明
XU Qiuming北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2005—2008 高效控释专用肥的研制与综合评价
Development and comprehensive evaluation of high-efficiency controlled-release fertilizer曹兵
CAO Bing北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2005—2006 新型肥料关键技术研发及服务体系建设
Key technology research and development and service system construction of new fertilizer刘宝存
LIU Baocun北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2006—2009 新型肥料产业化科技保障建设
Construction of scientific and technological guarantee for industrialization of new fertilizer刘宝存
LIU Baocun国家科技支撑计划项目
National Key Technologies R&D Program of China2006—2010 缓控释肥高效施肥技术研究
Study on high efficiency fertilization technology of
slow/controlled release fertilizer徐秋明
XU Qiuming北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2010—2013 高产条件下施用控释肥对设施菜地氮素损失阻控能力提升的研究
Study on the improvement of nitrogen loss resistance and control ability of protected vegetable fields by applying controlled-release fertilizer under high yield conditions杨俊刚
YANG Jungang北京市农林科学院项目
Project of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences2011—2013 控释肥料在蔬菜上应用的水肥耦合效应研究
Study on the coupling effect of water and fertilizer in the application of controlled release fertilizer on vegetables邹国元
ZOU Guoyuan国家科技支撑计划项目
National Key Technologies R&D Program of China2011—2015 S型缓控释肥技术的提升与应用
Improvement and application of S-type controlled release fertilizer曹兵
CAO Bing科技成果转化资金项目
Agricultural Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements of China2012—2014 智能控促一体型控释肥中试及应用示范
Pilot test and application demonstration of intelligent
controlled release fertilizer曹兵
CAO Bing公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费
Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China2013—2017 玉米一次性施肥的生态环境效应与评价
Ecological and environmental effects and evaluation of single basal application on maize曹兵
CAO Bing北京市自然科学基金面上项目
Beijing Natural Science Foundation2013—2015 高产条件下控释肥与普通肥料氮素分时供应耦合机制及调控
Coupling mechanism and regulation of nitrogen supply of controlled release fertilizer and common fertilizer under high yield conditions杨俊刚
YANG Jungang国家自然科学基金青年项目
National Natural Science Foundation of China2014—2016 室内变温与设施土壤条件下树脂包膜控释肥氮素释放特征研究及预测模型构建
Study on nitrogen release characteristics and prediction model construction of resin-coated controlled-release fertilizer under indoor variable temperature and protected soil conditions肖强
XIAO Qiang北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2016—2018 北京都市农业面源污染防控关键技术研究与科技示范
Research and technological demonstration of key technologies for prevention and control of urban agricultural non-point
source pollution in Beijing邹国元
ZOU Guoyuan1.3 稳定提升阶段(2016年—), 生物基包膜控释肥开发形成气候
随着时代的进步, 规模化优势明显、价廉质高和膜材可快速降解的新型缓控释肥研发渐成主流, 其中的典型代表是原位反应成膜控释肥, 研究所从“十二五”开始启动了原位反应成膜控释肥研发, 在国家和北京市多个项目的持续资助下(表2), 在生物基包膜材料、自动化和连续化工艺装备等方面取得了较大进展和创新。技术在北京富特来复合肥料有限公司与河北萌帮水溶肥料股份有限公司落地, 实现了原位反应成膜控释肥产业化。在粮食和蔬菜等作物上开展了控释肥规模化示范推广。
表 2 原位反应成膜控释肥承担科研项目情况Table 2. Research projects related to in situ reaction film-forming controlled-release fertilizer项目来源
Project source时间
Time项目名称
Project name主持人
Project director国家重点研发计划
National Key R&D Program of China2017—2020 纳米复合包膜缓控释肥研制与应用
Preparation and application of nano-composite coated slow-release fertilizer曹兵
CAO Bing北京市自然科学基金面上项目
Beijing Natural Science Foundation2020—2022 笼型倍半硅氧烷对控释肥用秸秆合成树脂膜材的作用机制及性能调控
Mechanism and performance regulation of POSS on straw-based resin coating material for controlled release fertilizer李丽霞
LI Lixia国家自然科学基金面上项目
National Natural Science Foundation of China2020—2023 硅氧烷对控释尿素用淀粉基聚氨酯膜的作用机理与性能调控
Mechanism and performance control of siloxane on starch-based polyurethane coating material for controlled release urea李丽霞
LI Lixia国家自然科学基金青年项目
National Natural Science Foundation of China2014—2016 纳米限域条件下原位反应包膜控释材料的探索及机制研究
Preparation and mechanism research of coating material formed via in situ polymerization under nano-confinement conditions李丽霞
LI Lixia北京市自然科学基金面上项目
Beijing Natural Science Foundation2014—2016 控释肥用可降解聚氨酯杂化包膜材料的制备及性能调控机制研究
Preparation and performance regulation mechanism of biodegradable polyurethane hybrid coating material for controlled-release fertilize李丽霞
LI Lixia北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of Science and Technology2013—2014 球形介孔分子筛对聚氨酯原位反应成膜机制及控释性能的影响
Effect of spherical mesoporous molecular sieves on the film formation mechanism and controlled-release properties of polyurethane in situ reaction曹兵
CAO Bing河北省科技厅项目
Project of Hebei Provincial Department of Science and Technology2019—2020 原位反应成膜控释肥示范推广
Demonstration and promotion of in situ reaction film-forming controlled-release fertilizer吴广利
WU Guangli国家重点研发计划
National Key R&D Program of China2017—2020 环京津夏玉米化肥农药减施增效技术集成与示范
Integration and demonstration of technology for reducing the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and increasing the efficiency of summer maize around Beijing and Tianjin衣文平
YI Wenping国家重点研发计划
National Key R&D Program of China2017—2020 夏玉米控释肥配方优选及减施配套施用技术
Formula optimization and application technology development of controlled release fertilizer for summer maize李丽霞
LI Lixia2. 形成了一支新老交替可持续发展的研发队伍
研究所在缓控释肥研究历程中, 培育形成了一支新老交替和可持续发展的研发队伍, 其中北京市缓控释肥工程技术研究中心的设立是一个标志性事件, 研究所/工程中心组建的研究团队以博士硕士为主、涵盖多学科、不同年龄层次, 为北京乃至全国缓控释肥料研发起到了较好的示范带头作用。过去32年, 为研究所缓控释肥发展做出重要贡献的老一代科学家代表包括刘广余、黄德明、徐秋明和刘宝存等, 中青年科学家代表包括邹国元、曹兵、李丽霞和肖强等。刘广余研究员主导了沸石包衣尿素和沸石复混肥的研发与应用, 徐秋明研究员是树脂包膜控释肥技术研发的首席专家, 黄德明研究员对于树脂包膜控释肥研究方向确立、过程指导及外联进行了重要指导, 刘宝存研究员促成了树脂包膜控释肥产业化和推广应用。邹国元研究员现为北京市缓控释肥料工程技术研究中心主任, 对于研究所缓控释肥研究方向整体布局谋划、团队组建和分工, 以及成果转化和示范推广起到了关键作用, 曹兵副研究员负责开发了具有S型释放特征的树脂包膜控释肥和原位反应成膜控释肥生产技术, 李丽霞副研究员研发出多种新型高效生物基可降解包膜材料和工艺, 肖强副研究员研发成功树脂包膜控释肥料氮素释放预测模型和在线快速检测技术。
3. 开发了系列产品、材料、装备和工艺
自20世纪90年代以来, 研究所开发了系列缓控释肥材料、工艺装备和产品。材料从无机沸石到有机废旧塑料到石油基聚氨酯到生物基可降解新材料; 工艺从转盘包覆到溶剂挥发凝固成膜到无溶剂反应成膜; 装备从圆盘到单塔到多塔喷动床到转鼓; 产品从沸石包衣尿素到聚烯烃包膜肥料到聚氨酯包膜肥料, 从L型释放肥料到S型释放肥料, 从包膜尿素到包膜复合肥。
3.1 沸石包衣尿素
沸石包衣尿素属于无机包裹型肥料, 是一种由天然沸石作为包衣剂包裹尿素而成的长效缓释肥。天然沸石是一种由硅氧四面体或铝氧四面体通过氧桥键相连而形成的结晶态硅酸盐或硅铝酸盐, 含有纳米尺寸的空腔和孔道, 比表面积大, 具有良好的吸脱附性能和阳离子交换性能。因此, 沸石包衣尿素可以减缓酰胺态氮转化为铵态氮的速度, 并减少氮素流失, 还可以起到保水、培肥地力和净化土壤的作用。尤其适用于盐碱地和砂质地。肥料包衣设备为带有鼓风机的圆盘造粒设备, 工艺流程为: 以水或水溶液作为沸石的粘结剂, 在圆盘中造粒, 经烘干、冷却成为包衣尿素, 工艺绿色环保[3]。沸石包衣尿素产品1996年获得国家级新产品荣誉称号, 生产技术也曾获得北京市科技进步奖、推广奖、金桥奖等多项荣誉。
3.2 聚烯烃树脂包膜肥料
在众多缓/控释肥料中, 聚烯烃树脂包膜肥料因养分释放速度仅受温度控制, 可实现养分释放曲线与作物吸收规律同步成为国内外肥料研究热点。树脂包膜肥料是通过特殊的工艺在肥料表面喷涂包裹一层半透性或不透性物质, 从而实现养分控制释放。20世纪90年代初, 研究所率先在国内开展聚烯烃树脂包膜肥料的研究。其生产工艺为溶剂挥发凝固成膜工艺, 主要分为包膜材料溶解、颗粒包膜和溶剂回收三部分。具体为将含聚烯烃树脂的包膜材料溶解在有机溶剂中形成包膜液, 将包膜液喷涂在肥料颗粒表面, 有机溶剂挥发后形成控释膜层。1998年徐秋明研究员团队率先研制出国内首台年产2000 t树脂包膜控释肥的喷动床肥料包衣生产设备, 实现了溶剂型热塑性树脂包膜肥料的产业化, 选用废旧塑料做包衣材料, 降低了成本; 筛选出天然低毒廉价溶剂代替有毒溶剂, 实现了安全生产, 填补了我国在控释肥料研制方面的空白[4-5]。该技术获得北京市科技进步三等奖。不过研制出的喷动床生产设备采用间歇式生产工艺, 其产量和效率偏低, 成本较高。“十二五”期间, 对单塔包膜设备进行重新组合和改进, 研发出连续化三塔包膜控释肥料加工设备及生产工艺。每个喷流塔有独立的循环及喷动系统, 既可独立运行, 也可联合生产。单套设备年生产能力达到1万t, 较间歇式生产工艺产能提高25%, 成本降低10%。
包膜控释肥依据其养分溶出类型分为3种: 抛物线型、直接释放型(L型)和延迟释放型(S型)。后两种较抛物线型更易于在时间和空间上满足作物对养分的需求。1997年, 通过调整包膜材料配方, 在不同释放期的L型聚烯烃包膜控释肥料的研发方面取得重大突破, 其生产成本大大低于国外同类产品, 在国内处于领先地位。同时, 可以调变聚烯烃包膜控释肥Q10值(Q10指环境温度每变化10 ℃使单位时间内肥料养分释放量提高或降低的倍数)[6]。更重要的是, 2002年通过膜材配方设计和优化改造喷流包膜系统, 国内率先研发出基于废旧塑料为主要包膜材料的具有S型释放曲线的聚烯烃包膜控释肥料, 其具有智能控促特征, 肥料养分释放与作物吸收规律基本一致, 填补了我国在该型肥料上的空白[7-8]。肥料释放期在30~300 d, 初期溶出率低于0.5%, 抑制期养分累积溶出率不高于10%, 与作物吸收规律高度吻合, 氮肥利用率最高可达89%[8]。产品性能媲美国外同类产品, 价格远低于国外产品。在作物育苗时全量接触施用不烧苗, 为作物全生育期一次性施肥(种肥同穴)提供了技术支撑。该肥料的配方主要由聚合物材料、填充材料和多糖类或其衍生物按不同比例组成。聚合物材料的选择主要考虑其成膜性和水汽阻隔性。为了降低成本, 废弃塑料占聚合物材料的45.2%~84.8%[2,9-10]。
聚烯烃材料进入土壤很难降解, 降解周期长达200~400年, 连年使用易对土壤造成污染。因此, 李亚星、李丽霞等研究人员率先开展膜材降解研究, 通过将光敏剂[11]和纳米光催化剂[12]加入到聚烯烃包膜材料中, 随着农田耕翻等田间作业, 暴露在土表的包膜肥料残膜在光线的照射下或随时间的推移将进行有效的光降解。或者, 将改性淀粉加入到聚烯烃树脂包膜液中形成淀粉填充型聚烯烃包膜材料, 以便提高膜材的降解性能[13]。
3.3 聚氨酯包膜肥料
热固性树脂包膜肥料是树脂包膜肥料的另一类主要缓控释肥, 是当前包膜肥料研究的重要分支。2011年研究所开始聚氨酯包膜肥料研发, 历经“十二五”和“十三五”阶段。针对所用石化产品类包膜材料存在价格高、资源不可再生、难降解等问题, 各种生物质原料如植物油、农作物秸秆、淀粉等被应用于聚氨酯包膜合成中, 丰富了包膜的来源和种类, 目前已形成几类主要产品, 包括聚酯基、聚醚基、植物油基、秸秆基、淀粉基、保水型等, 实现了树脂包膜的绿色环保[14-19], 土埋120 d后的残膜降解率达10%[20]。创新研发出2种生物基包膜控释肥。一种是采用纳米粒子辅助生物质液化技术制备纳米复合包膜植物油基包膜控释肥, 对传统石油基多元醇的生物替代率可高达100%。另一种是含惰性官能团的笼型聚倍半硅氧烷(polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, POSS)改性生物基包膜肥料(秸秆和淀粉基)性能调控技术, POSS的引入可以改变淀粉基膜材扩散系数并增强肥料控释性能。同时整个制备过程无溶剂, 从而确保了工艺和材料均绿色环保[21-22]。
材料方面, 创新生物基可降解膜材, 提出了高生物含量、纳米复合、全生物基控释肥膜材, 首创纳米笼型种子聚合和纳米限域改性包膜理念, 开发出生物质低温催化液化技术及高生物含量膜材制备技术, 明确了生物质改性与膜材性能间的关系以及生物基包膜控释肥用固化剂减量潜力, 膜材的控释性能和降解性能均得到显著提高并降低了成本, 解决了生物基可降解膜材价格高、易粘连、降解与控释性能不匹配等瓶颈问题, 调控不同需求的无溶剂可降解膜材[23-27]。工艺方面, 热固性树脂包膜肥料的生产工艺有水挥发成膜工艺和无溶剂原位反应成膜工艺, 后者更为普遍。针对成本高、养分释放与作物需求不匹配的问题, 发明了具有控释特征迭加效应的作物专用缓控释肥生产工艺。针对原位反应成膜技术, 提出了具有自清洁功能的高效混合喷雾方式和工艺, 开发出万吨级半自动和连续自动化反应成膜控释肥生产技术, 实现了控释肥自动化、规模化和标准化生产, 60 d释放期控释肥的包膜率最低为2%[28-29]。
4. 农业化学服务
研究所持续开展缓控释肥料试验示范和推广应用, 不仅构建了在线快速检测与养分释放预测技术, 开发出系列作物专用肥料与配套一次性施肥技术, 而且制定了相应的包膜控释肥料应用技术规程与标准。产品和技术不仅满足了从大田到园艺系列作物的养分需求, 带动了肥料产业升级, 同时极大地促进了面源污染治理、推进了肥料减量增效工作的开展。
4.1 缓释包膜肥料系列
探明了沸石包衣肥料功能特征, 开发出系列肥料配方与应用技术。基于沸石包衣肥料的功能特点, 结合作物自身的需肥与土壤供肥特征, 研究所设计开发出了系列专用配方肥, 满足了粮食、蔬菜和果树等不同作物生长对养分的需求, 其产品销往了北京、河北、山东、山西和河南等多个省市。沸石专用肥料可以作底肥和追肥施用, 可采用撒施、穴施和条施, 果树宜采用环施。对不同作物要根据土壤肥力、肥料养分含量确定肥料施用量, 一般标准施用量为750 kg∙hm−2 (表3)。使用该产品, 可使作物增产10%~20%, 氮肥利用率提高10%左右[30-33]。
表 3 主要的沸石包衣专用肥品种简介Table 3. Introduction to main special zeolite-coated fertilizers for different crops专用肥
Special fertilizer养分含量(氮磷钾+
微量元素)
Nutrient content (N-P-K+microelement) (%)特点
Characteristics施用量及施用方法
Application amount and method小麦肥
Wheat fertilizer8-11-6+Mn 小麦需磷较多, 配方中磷含量较高
Wheat needs more P, so P content is high基施750 kg∙hm−2, 需追氮肥
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer with N topdressing玉米肥
Maize fertilizer普通型
Ordinary type9-6-10+Zn 氮含量较低, 适应农民追施氮肥的习惯
N content is low, suiting for N topdressing habit of farmers基施750 kg∙hm−2, 需追氮肥
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer, with N topdressing一次型
Once type16-5-10+Zn 氮含量较高, 且长效, 作底肥, 不需追肥
N content is high with long-term effect; used as base fertilizer without topdressing一次性750 kg∙hm−2
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer without topdressing水稻肥
Rice fertilizer9-6-10+Si+Zn 水稻需硅、锌做底肥
Rice needs Si and Zn as base fertilizer基施750 kg∙hm−2, 需追氮肥
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer with N topdressing花生肥
Peanut fertilizer6-7-12+B 花生、大豆根瘤菌有固氮作用, 配方中氮含量较低, 控制徒长; 磷含量适中, 以磷增氮; 钾含量较高 N content is lower due to N fixation ability of peanut and soybean to control their overgrowth. P content is moderate to promote N uptake. K content is high 基施750 kg∙hm−2
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer大豆肥
Soybean fertilizer7-7-11+B 蔬菜肥
(番茄、架豆除外)
Vegetable fertilizer
(except tomatoes and beans)9-6-10+Mn+B 蔬菜对Mg和B敏感
Vegetables are sensitive to Mn and B基施750kg∙hm−2, 多数蔬菜需追氮肥
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer with N topdressing for most vegetables果树肥
Fruit tree fertilizer10-10-10+ Fe+Mn+B+Zn 果树对多种微量元素敏感, 配方中添加4种微量
元素
Fruit trees are sensitive to multiple microelements, so 4 microelements are added to fertilizer基施750 kg∙hm−2, 需追氮肥
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer, with N topdressing4.2 控释包膜肥料系列
探明了聚烯烃包膜肥料供氮特征, 构建了养分释放预测技术, 开发出系列专用配方肥及其应用技术, 促进了肥料产品的推广应用。
聚烯烃包膜肥料养分释放主要受温度和水分的影响, 因此, 不同气候带条件下, 聚烯烃包膜肥料的养分释放特征是不同的, 研究所通过西北(内蒙古)、东北、华北地区多点多年的试验研究, 探明了不同气候带下包膜控释氮素在田间的溶出速率, 并依据不同作物的吸氮特征, 借助模型预测与匹配, 开发出了适合不同气候带下的聚烯烃包膜专用肥料。
4.2.1 养分释放预测技术
在作物较长的生长期内, 会经历一定的温度、降雨和灌溉等条件的变化。然而, 聚烯烃包膜肥料具有养分在低温条件下释放速率变慢, 在高温条件下释放速率加快的特征, 现有的缓释肥料(GB/T 23348—2009)和控释肥料(HG/T 4215—2011)标准不能快速、准确地判定控释肥料在田间种植条件下的养分释放速率。因此, 为了掌握控释肥料养分释放的实时动态, 进行高效施肥管理, 研究所开发出一套在设施田间条件下通过土壤温度作为唯一变量来预测控释肥料养分释放瞬时速率的模型技术[公式(1)和(2)分别代表抛物线型和S型控释肥料养分释放预测技术][34-35], 国内首次阐释了设施土壤温度和氮素释放率的函数关系。模型的建立是控释肥料应用的重大突破, 能够指导控释肥料在不同作物上的科学施用。
$$ {N}_{t}={N}_{\mathrm{m}}\times \left[1-\mathrm{exp}\left(-k\times \sum _{s=1}^{n}{t}_{s}\right)\right]\times ＆\times 100 $$ (1) $$ {N}_{t}=A \bigg/\left[1+B\times \mathrm{exp}\left(-k\times \sum _{s=1}^{n}{t}_{s}\right)\right]\times ＆\times 100 $$ (2) 式中: Nt为氮素累积释放量, 单位为%; Nm为氮素最大释放量, 单位为%; k为某温度下的氮素释放速率常数, 单位为d−1; ts为25 ℃下的释放日数, d; ＆为修正参数, 取值为1.0~1.2; A、B为参数。
4.2.2 专用配方肥及其配套应用技术
研究所通过在不同气候带下的多年多点试验, 在控释肥料在大田作物和设施园艺上的应用效果评估基础上, 研发出了满足不同作物特定养分吸收特征的控释专用配方肥, 达到了不同养分的差异化控制释放, 实现了作物生产的高产优质、营养高效和环境友好(表4)。在此基础上, 制定了春玉米、夏玉米、冬小麦、水稻一次性施肥技术规程, 制定了设施蔬菜从育苗到收获期间专用控释肥料使用规程。形成了院所进行技术和产品研发、肥料生产企业进行产品组装和生产销售与推广、农技推广部门和蔬菜生产园区进行产品应用示范的互相协作、紧密配合的技术服务保障模式[36-43]。
表 4 开发出的主要控释专用肥料配方及施用效果Table 4. Formulas and application effects of main controlled release special fertilizers developed适用作物
Applicable crop释放期
Release period (d)控释氮占比
Proportion of controlled release N (%)应用效果
Application effect玉米
Maize60 30 春玉米氮肥利用率提高2.0~l2.0个百分点, 增产12.2%; 夏玉米氮肥利用率提高5.86~11.39个百分点, 增产7.3%~12.0%, 减氮10%~20%, 收获后100~200 cm土体硝态氮残留降低35.1%~56.6%
The N utilization rates increase by 2.0−12.0 and 5.86−11.39 percentage points, and yields increase by 12.2% and 7.3%−12.0% for spring maize and summer maize, respectively. For summer maize, the N application decreases by 10%−20%, and the residual NO3−-N in 100−200 cm soil layer after harvest decreases by 35.1%−56.6%.冬小麦
Winter wheat60 40 等氮量下氮肥利用率提高8.1个百分点, 增产6.4%~11.4%
Under the same N application rate, the N utilization rate increases by 8.1 percentage points and yield increases by 6.4%−11.4%.水稻
Rice50~120 (多种释放期配伍
Collocation of controlled release fertilizers with different release periods)40~50 减氮20%条件下, 氮素利用率提高10.1~17.6个百分点
Under the 20% N reduction, the N utilization rate increases by 10.1−17.6 percentage points.甘蓝
Cabbage60 50 减氮20%, 氮肥利用率提高11.5个百分点, 增产6.1%, 甘蓝硝酸盐含量降低8.8%
Under the 20% N reduction, the N utilization rate increases by 11.5 percentage points, yield increases by 6.1%, and the nitrate content in cabbage decreases by 8.8%.番茄
Tomato70~130 (多种释放期配伍
Collocation of controlled release fertilizers with different release periods)100 减氮50%, 氮肥利用率提高10.2个百分点, NO3−-N淋洗和残留比习惯施肥减少37%~55%
Under the 50% N reduction, the N utilization rate increases by 10.2 percentage points, and the amount of NO3−-N leaching and residue decreases by 37%−55% compared with conventional fertilization.甜瓜
Melon50~70 100 减氮40%, 氮素利用率提高20.6个百分点, 产量提高19.4%; 果实硝酸盐含量降低39.2%
Under the 40% N reduction, the N utilization rate increases by 20.6 percentage points, yield increases by 19.4%, and the nitrate content in melon decreases by 39.2%.春白菜
Spring cabbage35 67 减氮50%条件下, 春白菜未减产, 氮肥利用率提高, 硝酸盐含量显著降低, 肥料氨挥发损失降低, 收获后下层土壤(20 cm以下)没有造成硝态氮累积
Under the 50% N reduction, the yield is not decreased, the N utilization rate increases, the nitrate content decreases, the ammonia volatilization loss decreased, and no NO3−-N accumulation occurs in soil below 20 cm after harvest.4.2.3 在线快速检测技术
工业化生产多批次控释肥料时, 需要对其质量进行快速且精准的检测。但目前控释肥料(HG/T 4215—2011)标准检测周期长、精度低; 而现有高温检测方法速度虽快但误差较大。快速、精准的检测预测方法为企业急需解决的瓶颈问题。按照问题导向, 研究所开发出了控释肥料在线快速检测技术。突破了常规测定控释肥料养分溶出最大量的测定方法, 采用最小二乘法、基于预测模型, 构建相关参数, 解决了准确测定控释肥料养分溶出最大量、养分释放速率的技术难点, 并采用活化能理论、绝对温度与高温预测相结合方式, 构建了在线快速检测技术, 该技术目前已经在京津冀、四川、辽宁等多家肥料企业进行了转化应用, 检测样品300余批次, 省工80%、省时90%以上, 预测精确度达到90%以上。
5. 结论与展望
缓控释肥料因其养分释放变缓可控而与作物需肥时间动态更加接近或一致, 因此在提高肥料利用率、简化施肥方面具有特殊优势和前景。北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源环境研究所专家团队32年持续围绕该方向进行深入研究, 锻造了一支队伍, 连续开发了沸石包衣肥料、聚烯烃树脂包膜肥料及聚氨酯包膜肥料, 并形成了配套的生产工艺与装备, 研制了作物专用缓控释肥, 在相关农化服务技术上也形成了系列成果, 有效支撑了缓控释肥料产业化和减肥增效、面源污染防控工作的开展。针对未来建设农业强国和夯实农业发展根基的现实需求, 特别是适应作物品种变化和种植方式的优化调整、农机农艺融合的新需求, 研究工作需要与时俱进, 当前尚需在以下方面持续加大力度开展研究: 肥料产品包膜材料生物可降解、肥料养分释放多阶段连续可控、大规模连续化生产工艺创新、肥料产品质量在线快速检测技术、作物专用多元复合控释功能肥料的开发与应用。努力在肥料生产效能与规模效益上提供技术支撑, 在肥料产品的环境友好与质量性能上提供技术支撑, 在肥料应用农化服务上提供更强有力的支撑。
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表 1 树脂包膜控释肥资助科研项目情况
Table 1 Research projects related to resin coated controlled-release fertilizers
项目来源
Project resource时间
Time项目名称
Project name主持人
Project director北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology1997—2000 北京新型长效肥料中试基地
Beijing pilot base of new long time effective fertilizer刘宝存
LIU Baocun北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2000—2004 新型肥料研制与产业化
Development and industrialization of new fertilizer刘宝存
LIU Baocun国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)
National High-tech R&D Program of China
(863 Program)2001—2004 环境友好型肥料研制与产业化
Development and industrialization of environment-friendly fertilizer徐秋明
XU Qiuming科技部攻关项目
Key Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology2001—2004 新型缓控释肥料研制与产业化
Development and industrialization of new slow and
controlled release fertilizer徐秋明
XU Qiuming北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2005—2008 高效控释专用肥的研制与综合评价
Development and comprehensive evaluation of high-efficiency controlled-release fertilizer曹兵
CAO Bing北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2005—2006 新型肥料关键技术研发及服务体系建设
Key technology research and development and service system construction of new fertilizer刘宝存
LIU Baocun北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2006—2009 新型肥料产业化科技保障建设
Construction of scientific and technological guarantee for industrialization of new fertilizer刘宝存
LIU Baocun国家科技支撑计划项目
National Key Technologies R&D Program of China2006—2010 缓控释肥高效施肥技术研究
Study on high efficiency fertilization technology of
slow/controlled release fertilizer徐秋明
XU Qiuming北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2010—2013 高产条件下施用控释肥对设施菜地氮素损失阻控能力提升的研究
Study on the improvement of nitrogen loss resistance and control ability of protected vegetable fields by applying controlled-release fertilizer under high yield conditions杨俊刚
YANG Jungang北京市农林科学院项目
Project of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences2011—2013 控释肥料在蔬菜上应用的水肥耦合效应研究
Study on the coupling effect of water and fertilizer in the application of controlled release fertilizer on vegetables邹国元
ZOU Guoyuan国家科技支撑计划项目
National Key Technologies R&D Program of China2011—2015 S型缓控释肥技术的提升与应用
Improvement and application of S-type controlled release fertilizer曹兵
CAO Bing科技成果转化资金项目
Agricultural Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements of China2012—2014 智能控促一体型控释肥中试及应用示范
Pilot test and application demonstration of intelligent
controlled release fertilizer曹兵
CAO Bing公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费
Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China2013—2017 玉米一次性施肥的生态环境效应与评价
Ecological and environmental effects and evaluation of single basal application on maize曹兵
CAO Bing北京市自然科学基金面上项目
Beijing Natural Science Foundation2013—2015 高产条件下控释肥与普通肥料氮素分时供应耦合机制及调控
Coupling mechanism and regulation of nitrogen supply of controlled release fertilizer and common fertilizer under high yield conditions杨俊刚
YANG Jungang国家自然科学基金青年项目
National Natural Science Foundation of China2014—2016 室内变温与设施土壤条件下树脂包膜控释肥氮素释放特征研究及预测模型构建
Study on nitrogen release characteristics and prediction model construction of resin-coated controlled-release fertilizer under indoor variable temperature and protected soil conditions肖强
XIAO Qiang北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of
Science and Technology2016—2018 北京都市农业面源污染防控关键技术研究与科技示范
Research and technological demonstration of key technologies for prevention and control of urban agricultural non-point
source pollution in Beijing邹国元
ZOU Guoyuan
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表 2 原位反应成膜控释肥承担科研项目情况
Table 2 Research projects related to in situ reaction film-forming controlled-release fertilizer
项目来源
Project source时间
Time项目名称
Project name主持人
Project director国家重点研发计划
National Key R&D Program of China2017—2020 纳米复合包膜缓控释肥研制与应用
Preparation and application of nano-composite coated slow-release fertilizer曹兵
CAO Bing北京市自然科学基金面上项目
Beijing Natural Science Foundation2020—2022 笼型倍半硅氧烷对控释肥用秸秆合成树脂膜材的作用机制及性能调控
Mechanism and performance regulation of POSS on straw-based resin coating material for controlled release fertilizer李丽霞
LI Lixia国家自然科学基金面上项目
National Natural Science Foundation of China2020—2023 硅氧烷对控释尿素用淀粉基聚氨酯膜的作用机理与性能调控
Mechanism and performance control of siloxane on starch-based polyurethane coating material for controlled release urea李丽霞
LI Lixia国家自然科学基金青年项目
National Natural Science Foundation of China2014—2016 纳米限域条件下原位反应包膜控释材料的探索及机制研究
Preparation and mechanism research of coating material formed via in situ polymerization under nano-confinement conditions李丽霞
LI Lixia北京市自然科学基金面上项目
Beijing Natural Science Foundation2014—2016 控释肥用可降解聚氨酯杂化包膜材料的制备及性能调控机制研究
Preparation and performance regulation mechanism of biodegradable polyurethane hybrid coating material for controlled-release fertilize李丽霞
LI Lixia北京市科学技术委员会项目
Project of Beijing Municipal Commission of Science and Technology2013—2014 球形介孔分子筛对聚氨酯原位反应成膜机制及控释性能的影响
Effect of spherical mesoporous molecular sieves on the film formation mechanism and controlled-release properties of polyurethane in situ reaction曹兵
CAO Bing河北省科技厅项目
Project of Hebei Provincial Department of Science and Technology2019—2020 原位反应成膜控释肥示范推广
Demonstration and promotion of in situ reaction film-forming controlled-release fertilizer吴广利
WU Guangli国家重点研发计划
National Key R&D Program of China2017—2020 环京津夏玉米化肥农药减施增效技术集成与示范
Integration and demonstration of technology for reducing the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and increasing the efficiency of summer maize around Beijing and Tianjin衣文平
YI Wenping国家重点研发计划
National Key R&D Program of China2017—2020 夏玉米控释肥配方优选及减施配套施用技术
Formula optimization and application technology development of controlled release fertilizer for summer maize李丽霞
LI Lixia
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表 3 主要的沸石包衣专用肥品种简介
Table 3 Introduction to main special zeolite-coated fertilizers for different crops
专用肥
Special fertilizer养分含量(氮磷钾+
微量元素)
Nutrient content (N-P-K+microelement) (%)特点
Characteristics施用量及施用方法
Application amount and method小麦肥
Wheat fertilizer8-11-6+Mn 小麦需磷较多, 配方中磷含量较高
Wheat needs more P, so P content is high基施750 kg∙hm−2, 需追氮肥
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer with N topdressing玉米肥
Maize fertilizer普通型
Ordinary type9-6-10+Zn 氮含量较低, 适应农民追施氮肥的习惯
N content is low, suiting for N topdressing habit of farmers基施750 kg∙hm−2, 需追氮肥
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer, with N topdressing一次型
Once type16-5-10+Zn 氮含量较高, 且长效, 作底肥, 不需追肥
N content is high with long-term effect; used as base fertilizer without topdressing一次性750 kg∙hm−2
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer without topdressing水稻肥
Rice fertilizer9-6-10+Si+Zn 水稻需硅、锌做底肥
Rice needs Si and Zn as base fertilizer基施750 kg∙hm−2, 需追氮肥
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer with N topdressing花生肥
Peanut fertilizer6-7-12+B 花生、大豆根瘤菌有固氮作用, 配方中氮含量较低, 控制徒长; 磷含量适中, 以磷增氮; 钾含量较高 N content is lower due to N fixation ability of peanut and soybean to control their overgrowth. P content is moderate to promote N uptake. K content is high 基施750 kg∙hm−2
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer大豆肥
Soybean fertilizer7-7-11+B 蔬菜肥
(番茄、架豆除外)
Vegetable fertilizer
(except tomatoes and beans)9-6-10+Mn+B 蔬菜对Mg和B敏感
Vegetables are sensitive to Mn and B基施750kg∙hm−2, 多数蔬菜需追氮肥
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer with N topdressing for most vegetables果树肥
Fruit tree fertilizer10-10-10+ Fe+Mn+B+Zn 果树对多种微量元素敏感, 配方中添加4种微量
元素
Fruit trees are sensitive to multiple microelements, so 4 microelements are added to fertilizer基施750 kg∙hm−2, 需追氮肥
750 kg∙hm−2 for base fertilizer, with N topdressing
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表 4 开发出的主要控释专用肥料配方及施用效果
Table 4 Formulas and application effects of main controlled release special fertilizers developed
适用作物
Applicable crop释放期
Release period (d)控释氮占比
Proportion of controlled release N (%)应用效果
Application effect玉米
Maize60 30 春玉米氮肥利用率提高2.0~l2.0个百分点, 增产12.2%; 夏玉米氮肥利用率提高5.86~11.39个百分点, 增产7.3%~12.0%, 减氮10%~20%, 收获后100~200 cm土体硝态氮残留降低35.1%~56.6%
The N utilization rates increase by 2.0−12.0 and 5.86−11.39 percentage points, and yields increase by 12.2% and 7.3%−12.0% for spring maize and summer maize, respectively. For summer maize, the N application decreases by 10%−20%, and the residual NO3−-N in 100−200 cm soil layer after harvest decreases by 35.1%−56.6%.冬小麦
Winter wheat60 40 等氮量下氮肥利用率提高8.1个百分点, 增产6.4%~11.4%
Under the same N application rate, the N utilization rate increases by 8.1 percentage points and yield increases by 6.4%−11.4%.水稻
Rice50~120 (多种释放期配伍
Collocation of controlled release fertilizers with different release periods)40~50 减氮20%条件下, 氮素利用率提高10.1~17.6个百分点
Under the 20% N reduction, the N utilization rate increases by 10.1−17.6 percentage points.甘蓝
Cabbage60 50 减氮20%, 氮肥利用率提高11.5个百分点, 增产6.1%, 甘蓝硝酸盐含量降低8.8%
Under the 20% N reduction, the N utilization rate increases by 11.5 percentage points, yield increases by 6.1%, and the nitrate content in cabbage decreases by 8.8%.番茄
Tomato70~130 (多种释放期配伍
Collocation of controlled release fertilizers with different release periods)100 减氮50%, 氮肥利用率提高10.2个百分点, NO3−-N淋洗和残留比习惯施肥减少37%~55%
Under the 50% N reduction, the N utilization rate increases by 10.2 percentage points, and the amount of NO3−-N leaching and residue decreases by 37%−55% compared with conventional fertilization.甜瓜
Melon50~70 100 减氮40%, 氮素利用率提高20.6个百分点, 产量提高19.4%; 果实硝酸盐含量降低39.2%
Under the 40% N reduction, the N utilization rate increases by 20.6 percentage points, yield increases by 19.4%, and the nitrate content in melon decreases by 39.2%.春白菜
Spring cabbage35 67 减氮50%条件下, 春白菜未减产, 氮肥利用率提高, 硝酸盐含量显著降低, 肥料氨挥发损失降低, 收获后下层土壤(20 cm以下)没有造成硝态氮累积
Under the 50% N reduction, the yield is not decreased, the N utilization rate increases, the nitrate content decreases, the ammonia volatilization loss decreased, and no NO3−-N accumulation occurs in soil below 20 cm after harvest.
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