Time variation characteristics of agricultural green development indexes in Lishu County, Jilin Province
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摘要:
吉林省梨树县作为全国农业生产先进县, 始终走在农业绿色发展的前沿, 本研究将其作为典型案例, 通过已构建的中国农业绿色发展指标体系, 结合NUFER模型, 从社会经济、食物生产、生态环境3个方面, 分析1994—2019年梨树县农业绿色发展指标特征及其变化规律, 进一步探究吉林省县域农业绿色发展的推动及制约因素。结果表明, 1994—2019年梨树县农业绿色发展整体水平稳步提升, Ⅰ、Ⅱ级指标占比由47%下降到23%, Ⅲ、Ⅳ级指标占比由22%上升到47%。在社会经济方面, 人均农业综合投入和农村居民人均可支配收入逐年增加, 2019年较1994年分别增长454.6%和866.7%; 人均蛋白摄入量和动物生产蛋白占比有良好的改善, 均达到Ⅳ级水平; 农业机械化动力虽呈增长趋势, 但仍处在Ⅰ级水平, 有待提高。在食物生产方面, 单位农业产值能耗和农田化肥磷吸收利用效率多年来一直处于Ⅳ级水平, 但畜禽氮综合利用效率始终处在低级水平; 此外, 农药、化肥氮投入均在2019年达到Ⅲ级水平, 但过程中不是持续增长, 受年限的影响较大。在生态环境方面, 截止到2019年, 单位耕地面积因氮投入产生的氮排放、氮盈余及环境代价均呈好转趋势, 但畜禽粪尿综合利用率和单位耕地畜禽承载量始终处在Ⅰ级水平, 说明梨树县畜牧业发展仍有很大的挑战。综上, 资源未充分利用、环境污染和生态破坏严重制约吉林省县域农业绿色发展, 究其原因是种植结构单一、优质农产品产量低, 农药、化肥等投入量较高, 畜牧业养殖数量不稳定, 下一步急需合理开发利用黑土地资源, 大力推广测土配方施肥、保护性耕作等优秀农业技术, 解决优质农产品供需矛盾等问题, 减少对生态环境的伤害, 全面推进吉林省县域的农业绿色发展。
Abstract:As an advanced agricultural production county in China, Lishu County in Jilin Province has always been at the forefront of green agricultural development; this study took it as a typical case. Through the established indicators system of Chinese agricultural green development, combined with the nutrient flows in food chain, environment and resources use (NUFER) model, it analyzed the characteristics and change rules of agricultural green development indicators in terms of social economy, food production, and ecological environment, from 1994 to 2019, in Lishu County. The driving and restricting factors of county agricultural green development in Jilin Province were further explored. The results showed that the overall level of agricultural green development in Lishu County has improved steadily from 1994 to 2019, with the number proportion of indicators of gradeⅠ and gradeⅡ decreasing from 47% to 23%, and the number proportion of indicators of gradeⅢ and gradeⅣ increasing from 22% to 47%. In terms of social economy, the per capita comprehensive agricultural input and the per capita disposable income of rural residents have increased annually, and the per capita protein intake and the proportion of animal protein production have also improved, both reaching a grade Ⅳ level. Although the power of agricultural mechanization has shown an increasing trend, it is still at levelⅠ and needs to be improved. In terms of food production, the energy consumption per unit agricultural output value and the fertilizer phosphorus absorption utilization in farmland have been at level Ⅳ for many years; however, the comprehensive nitrogen use efficiency of livestock and poultry nitrogen has always been at a low level. The input of pesticides and fertilizer nitrogen reached levelⅢ in 2019; however, it did not increase continuously during the process, which was greatly affected by the years. In terms of the ecological environment, nitrogen emissions, nitrogen surplus, and environmental losses per unit cultivated land area due to nitrogen inputs all showed an improving trend from 1994 to 2019. However, the comprehensive utilization rate of livestock manure and the livestock and poultry carrying capacity per unit area was still at grade I, which meant that the development of the livestock industry still faces great challenges in Lishu County. Above all, the underutilization of resources, the environmental pollution, and ecological damage was caused by a single plantation structure, low yield of high-quality agricultural products, high input of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, and unstable numbers of livestock. It is therefore urgent to develop and utilize black land resources reasonably, to vigorously promote testing soil for formulated fertilization, improve conservational tillage and other excellent agricultural technologies, solve the contradiction between supply and demand of high-quality agricultural products, reduce damage to the ecological environment, and comprehensively promote the green development of agriculture in Jilin Province.
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农业作为人类生存之本, 既是可持续发展的核心内容, 又能对全球经济、社会与自然世界的关系产生直接影响[1]。同时, 农业作为我国的基础产业, 一直以来都是我国工作的重点内容。近年来, 我国在农业方面获得了巨大的进步, 粮食总产量剧增, 养活了全球近20%的人口[2], 缓解了农产品的供需矛盾, 使全球粮食安全问题得到良好的改善。即便如此, 我国农业发展仍存在诸多问题。一方面, 农业生产方式并未有太大的改变, 导致优质农产品供给仍存在隐患[3], 同时水体富营养化[4]、土壤酸化[5]、大气污染[6]等生态环境风险加剧。另一方面, 农户不合理施肥的行为导致大量的农用资源浪费, 盈余的氮、磷等养分进入生态环境中[7]。因此, 农业生产方式急需优化, 并在确保经济发展的前提下, 坚持以生态环境为先的绿色道路, 促使农业生产可持续发展。
绿色发展作为农业发展的新模式, 吸引了国内外很多学者的关注, 其中Carfi等[8]认为应发展可再生能源来延长自然资源的使用, 并强调从人的意识和相关政策多角度来保持环境的可持续性; Martin-Guay等[9]以科学方法改革了土地的使用, 提高了经济效益, 促进了农业绿色发展。上述研究多与农业可持续发展政策相关, 为农业可持续发展提供理论依据, 但没有进一步对社会经济、食物生产及生态环境各方面进行特征分析。而在国内, 张建杰等[10]以Nufe (nutrient flows in food chain, environment and resources use)模型[11]就农业绿色发展建立了一个可在国家和区域尺度上进行讨论的中国农业绿色发展指标体系, 该体系从食物链角度对养分平衡、养分利用效率、环境排放量及养分流动规律进行定量分析与综合评价; 宋晨阳等[12]对海南岛农业绿色发展现状和特征进行了定量研究, 并找出了海南岛农业绿色发展受到制约的主要原因。国内学者通过建立指标体系, 对农业绿色发展进行特征分析, 多侧重于对生产力、资源投入和生态环境方面, 缺少对于整个生产环节及与社会经济方面进行结合的综合评级分析。
作为中国粮食主产基地的吉林省[13], 推动农业绿色发展是增长经济, 提升产品质量, 保护生态环境的必经之路。要想实现这一目标, 对农业绿色发展水平的科学评估至关重要, 然而吉林省在此方面的相关研究有所不足。同时县域是国家行政调控的基本单元, 拥有地域特色, 是农业绿色发展落实的最佳单元[14]。梨树县素有“东北粮仓” “松辽明珠”的美誉, 农业基础扎实, 粮食产量居全国前列; 全县内建有全国最大的生猪交易市场, 猪、牛饲养水平居东北之首。因此, 本文以国家的产粮大县且拥有着丰富的黑土资源[15]的梨树县为例, 从社会经济、食物生产和生态环境3方面分析农业绿色发展指标变化特征, 明确吉林省县域农业绿色发展的主要制约因素, 并探究可行性路径, 进而为吉林省县域农业绿色发展提出可行性建议。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 农业绿色发展指标的含义、计算方法及分级标准
参考中国农业绿色发展指标体系[10]及其分级标准, 依据系统性、完整性、协同性、科学性和可行性的原则, 将36个相关指标分别划分为社会经济、食物生产和生态环境3个方面, 并按照农业绿色发展程度的高低, 将所有指标分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ 共4个等级, 等级越高, 绿色发展程度越好, 所选指标的具体情况及分级标准见表1与表2。
表 1 农业绿色发展指标体系及计算方法Table 1. Indicators of green agricultural development and calculation methods分类
Category指标
Indicator指标含义
Indicator implication计算公式
Calculation formula社会经济
Social economy人均农业综合投入
Per capita comprehensive agricultural input衡量政府财政对农业发展的支持程度, 正向指标
Measure the degree of government financial support for agricultural development, positive indicator农林水务投入量/农村人口数
Amount of investment in agriculture, forestry, and water affairs/rural population单位耕地面积机械动力
Mechanical power per unit cultivated land评价农业机械化程度, 正向指标
Evaluate the degree of agricultural mechanization, positive indicator农业机械总动力/耕地面积
Agricultural machinery total power/cultivated land area有效灌溉面积占比
Proportion of effective irrigation area衡量农业生产灌溉装备情况, 正向指标
Measure the situation of irrigation equipment, positive indicator有效灌溉面积/耕地面积×100%
Effective irrigation area/cultivated land area×100%农村居民人均可支配收入
Per capita disposable income of rural residents评价区域农民收入水平现状, 正向指标
Evaluate the status quo of the regional farmers’
income, positive indicator数据来源于统计年鉴
Data comes from the statistical yearbook人均农业收入占比
Per capita agricultural income percentage评价农业生产对农民收入的贡献, 正向指标
Evaluate the contribution of agricultural production to farmers’ income, positive indicator农村居民经营性收入/农民总收入
Rural residents’ operating income/total income of farmers动物蛋白生产占比
Proportion of animal protein production评价农业生产供给与居民膳食需求的匹配度, 正向指标
Evaluate the matching degree of agricultural production supply and residents’ dietary needs, positive indicator动物蛋白产量/ (动物蛋白产量+植物蛋白产量)
Animal protein yield/(animal protein yield+plant protein yield)人均蛋白摄入量
Protein intake per capita评价居民膳食营养状况, 正向指标
Evaluate the dietary nutrition status of residents, positive indicator∑(居民主要食品消费量×蛋白质含量)
∑(residents’ main food consumption×protein yield)农业人口高中学历及以上比例
Ratio of agricultural population with high school education or above衡量农村人口受教育程度, 正向指标
Measure the educational level of the rural population, positive indicator高中及以上人口数/人口总数×100%
Population with high school and above/total population×100%土地流转比例
Proportion of land transfer评价土地流转和集中程度, 正向指标
Evaluate the degree of land circulation and concentration, positive indicator土地流转面积/区域耕地面积×100%
Land transfer area/cultivated land area×100%城乡居民可支配收入比
Disposable income ratio of urban and rural residents评价城乡居民的收入差距, 负向指标
Evaluate the income gap between urban and rural residents, negative indicator城市居民可支配收入/农村居民可支配收入
Disposable income of urban residents/disposable income of rural residents食物生产
Food production单位农田农药投入量
Pesticide input per unit farmland评价农业生产中农药使用情况, 负向指标
Evaluate the use of pesticides in agricultural production, negative indicator农药使用量/总播种面积
Pesticide usage/total sown area单位动物畜牧外源饲料氮投入量
Nitrogen input of exogenous feed per animal反映种植业和畜牧业的匹配和耦合情况, 负向指标
Reflect the matching and coupling of planting and animal husbandry, negative indicator(畜牧业氮需求量−种植业氮供给量)/标准动物头数
(Nitrogen requirement in livestock−planting nitrogen supply)/number of standard animals人均农业水足迹
Per capita agricultural water footprint反映人均食物消费对水资源的消耗, 负向指标
Reflect the consumption of water resources by per capita food consumption, negative indicator(主要食品消费量×单位食品水足迹) /人口数
(Main food consumption×food water footprint per unit food)/population单位耕地面积蛋白质产量
Protein production per unit cultivated land衡量种植业生产水平, 正向指标
Measure the production level of planting industry, positive indicator各种作物蛋白质总量/耕地面积
Total protein of various crops/cultivated land area单位耕地面积卡路里产量
Calorie yield per unit arable land评价农业生产水平, 正向指标
Evaluate the level of agricultural production, positive indicator(各种作物产品热量+动物产品热量)/耕地面积
(Calories of crop products +calories of animal products)/cultivated land area单位耕地面积农业产值
Agricultural output value per unit of cultivated land评价农业生产的经济增产价值, 正向指标
Evaluate the economic output value of agricultural production, positive indicator农业生产总值/耕地面积
Gross agricultural output value/cultivated land area单位农业产值能耗
Energy consumption per unit agricultural output value评价农业生产对能源的依赖程度, 负向指标
Evaluate the degree of dependence of agricultural production on energy, negative indicator∑(农业生产主要能源消费量×单位能源能值)/农业生产总产值
∑ (Agricultural production primary energy consumption×energy per unit energy source)/gross agricultural production value农田氮综合利用效率
Farmland nitrogen comprehensive utilization efficiency当年作物系统各种作物氮素携出量与氮素投入总量, 正向指标
Amount of nitrogen carried out by various crop and the total amount of nitrogen inputs in crop system in the current year, positive indicator(收获部位氮吸收量+秸秆部位氮吸收量)/农田氮总投入量×100%
(Nitrogen uptake of harvest part+nitrogen uptake in straw)/total nitrogen input in farmland×100%畜禽氮综合利用效率
Comprehensive nitrogen use efficiency of livestock衡量畜牧业生产效率, 正向指标
Measure the production efficiency of animal husbandry, positive indicator(畜禽主要产品氮吸收量+动物副产品氮吸收量)/畜禽氮总投入量×100%
(Nitrogen absorption of main products of livestock and poultry+nitrogen absorption of animal by-products)/total input of nitrogen of livestock and poultry×100%续表 1 分类
Category指标
Indicator指标含义
Indicator implication计算公式
Calculation formula化肥磷吸收利用率
Fertilizer phosphorus absorption and utilization衡量农业生产磷肥利用效率, 正向指标
Measure the utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer in agricultural production, positive indicator(收获部位磷吸收量+秸秆磷吸收量)/农田磷总投入量×100%
(Phosphorus uptake of harvest part+phosphorus uptake of straw)/total phosphorus input in farmland×100%单位动物兽药投入
Veterinary drug input per unit animal评价畜牧业兽药使用水平, 负向指标
Evaluate the level of veterinary drug use in animal husbandry, negative indicator数据来源于统计年鉴
Data comes from the statistical yearbook农田灌溉水有效利用系数
Effective use coefficient of farmland irrigation water指征灌溉用水进入农田的比例, 正向指标
Indicate the proportion of irrigation water entering farmland, positive indicator数据来源于统计年鉴
Data comes from the statistical yearbook生态
环境
Ecological environment畜禽粪尿综合利用率
Comprehensive utilization rate of livestock manure指征畜牧业生产中粪污资源化利用程度, 正向指标
Indicate the degree of manure resource utilization in animal husbandry production, positive indicator粪尿资源化利用量/畜禽粪尿产生量×100%
Resource utilization of manure/manure production of livestock and poultry×100%秸秆氮综合利用效率
Straw nitrogen comprehensive utilization efficiency指征种植业秸秆资源化利用程度, 正向指标
Indicate the degree of utilization of straw resources in planting industry, positive indicator(秸秆还田量+秸秆饲喂量+秸秆发电用量)/秸秆产生量×100%
(Amount of straw returning to field+amount of straw feeding+amount of straw for electricity generation)/amount of straw produced×100%单位农田氮盈余量
Nitrogen surplus per unit farmland反映农田氮投入适宜程度及对环境的压力, 负向指标
Reflect the suitability of nitrogen input in farmland and the pressure on the environment, negative indicator(农田总氮投入量−秸秆氮吸收量−收获部位氮吸收量)/耕地面积
(Total nitrogen input in farmland−nitrogen absorption of straw−nitrogen absorption of harvest part)/cultivated land area单位面积畜禽承载量
Livestock and poultry carrying capacity per unit area评价种植业消纳粪污能力与畜牧业粪污排放能力的匹配程度, 负向指标
Evaluate the matching degree between the manure consumption capacity of planting industry and the manure discharge capacity of animal husbandry, negative indicator区域畜禽养殖标准动物头数/耕地面积
Number of standard animal of regional livestock and poultry breeding/cultivated land area空气质量
Air quality衡量大气污染状况, 负向指标
Measure the state of air pollution, negative indicator环境空气质量标准
Ambient air quality standards单位面积农业源氨排放量
Ammonia emissions from agricultural sources per unit area评价农田氨排放能力, 负向指标
Evaluate the ammonia emission capacity of farmland, negative indicator(肥料+人畜动物氨挥发量) /耕地面积×100%
(Fertilizer+ammonia volatilization amount of human and animal)/cultivated land area×100%生产单位食品氮环境代价
Food nitrogen environmental cost per production unit每产生1 kg食物氮向环境中排放的氮量, 负向指标
Amount of nitrogen emitted to the environment for 1 kg food nitrogen production, negative indicator(种植业氮投入+畜牧业氮投入−食物氮含量)/食物氮含量
(Planting nitrogen input+animal husbandry nitrogen input−food nitrogen content)/food nitrogen content单位面积农业源温室气体(GHG)排放量
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural sources per unit area整个食物系统的各种GHG排放量总和与耕地面积、园地、人工草地面积比值, 负向指标
Ratio of total amount of various GHG emissions in the whole food system to the area of cultivated land, garden land, and artificial grassland, negative indicator(畜牧业GHG排放量+种植业GHG排放量)/耕地面积
(GHG emissions from animal husbandry+GHG emissions from crop farming)/cultivated land area农膜资源化回收率
Agricultural film recycling rate指征农用薄膜回收和资源化利用程度, 正向指标
Indicating degree of recycling and resource utilization of agricultural film, positive indicator农膜回收利用量/农膜使用量×100%
Amount of agricultural film recycling/amount of agricultural film used×100%土壤侵蚀模数
Modulus of soil erosion指表层土壤在单位面积和单位时间内被剥蚀并发生位移的土壤侵蚀量, 负向指标
Refer to the amount of soil erosion that the topsoil is eroded and displaced per unit area and unit time, negative indicator水土流失面积/区域总面积×100%
Soil erosion area/total area ×100%地表水质量
Surface water quality评价地表水水质,为生态环境常规统计指标, 正向指标
Evaluate the water quality of surface water, a conventional statistical indicator of ecological environment, positive indicator数据来源于环境公报
Data from Environmental Bulletin地下水水质超标率
Standard-exceeding rate of ground water quality评价地下水质超标情况, 负向指标
Evaluate the situation of groundwater quality exceeding the standard, negative indicator(水质为Ⅳ、Ⅴ和劣Ⅴ类样点) /总测样点×100%
(Sample points with Ⅳ, Ⅴ and inferior Ⅴ water quality)/total measurement sample points×100%农药(抗生素)土壤残留超标率
Standard-exceeding rate of pesticides (antibiotics) residues in soil衡量农田土壤农药污染状况, 负向指标
Measure the pesticide pollution status of farmland soil, negative indicator超标点数/总监测点数×100%
Standard-exceeding points/total monitoring points×100%农田重金属污染超标比例
Proportion of exceeding the standard of farmland heavy metal pollution衡量农田土壤重金属污染状况, 负向指标
Measure the status of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil, negative indicator超标点数/总监测点数×100%
Standard-exceeding points/total monitoring points×100%表 2 农业绿色发展评价指标体系分级标准Table 2. Grading criteria of agricultural green development evaluation index system分类
Category指标
Indicator单位
Unit分级标准 Grading standard Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ 社会经济
Social
economy人均农业综合投入 Per capita comprehensive agricultural input ¥∙capita−1 ≤3259 3259~4786 4786~6140 ≥6140 单位耕地面积机械动力 Mechanical power per unit of cultivated land kW∙hm−2 ≤6.2 6.2~8.4 8.4~11.5 ≥11.5 有效灌溉面积占比 Proportion of effective irrigation area % ≤50 50~60 60~70 ≥70 农村居民人均可支配收入 Per capita disposable income of rural residents ×104¥ ≤0.7 0.7~2.8 2.8~8.8 ≥8.8 人均农业收入占比 Per capita agricultural income percentage % 0~10 10~20 20~40 ≥40 动物蛋白生产占比 Proportion of animal protein production % ≤20 20~40 40~55 ≥55 人均蛋白摄入量 Protein intake per capita kg∙capita−1∙a−1 <14.6, >34.7 14.6~18.3, 29.2~34.7 23.7~29.2 18.3~23.7 农业人口高中学历及以上比例 Ratio of agricultural population with high school education or above % 0~22.5 22.5~45 45~90 >90 土地流转比例 Proportion of land transfer % <20 20~40 40~60 >60 城乡居民可支配收入比 Disposable income ratio of urban and rural residents >2 1.6~2 1.2~1.6 <1.2 食物生产
Food production单位农田农药投入量 Pesticide input per unit of farmland kg∙hm−2 >10 5~10 2.5~5 <2.5 单位动物畜牧外源饲料氮投入量 Nitrogen input of exogenous feed per animal kg(N)∙LU−1 >120 60~120 0~60 ≤0 人均农业水足迹 Per capita agricultural water footprint m3∙capita−1∙a−1 >760 620~760 480~620 <480 单位耕地面积蛋白质产量 Protein production per unit cultivated land kg∙hm−2 <313 313~372 372~431 >431 单位耕地面积卡路里产量 Calorie yield per unit cultivated land ×104 kcal∙hm−2 <1960 1960~2180 2180~2400 >2400 单位耕地面积农业产值 Agricultural output value per unit cultivated land ×104 ¥∙hm−2 <6.7 6.7~8.4 8.4~10.5 >10.5 单位农业产值能耗 Energy consumption per unit agricultural output value MJ∙(104 ¥)−1 >7291 6197~7291 5650~6197 <5650 农田氮综合利用效率 Farmland nitrogen comprehensive utilization efficiency % 0~35 35~50 50~65 >65 畜禽氮综合利用效率 Comprehensive nitrogen use efficiency of livestock % <10 10~20 20~30 >30 化肥磷吸收利用率 Fertilizer phosphorus absorption and utilization % 0~20 20~30 30~40 >40 单位动物兽药投入 Veterinary drug input per unit animal ¥∙LU−1 >244 122~244 61~122 <61 农田灌溉水有效利用系数 Effective use coefficient of farmland irrigation water % <0.50 0.50~0.55 0.55~0.60 >0.60 生态环境
Ecological environment畜禽粪尿综合利用率 Comprehensive utilization rate of livestock manure % <35 35~55 55~75 >75 秸秆氮综合利用效率 Straw nitrogen comprehensive utilization efficiency % <45 45~65 65~85 >85 单位农田氮盈余量 Nitrogen surplus per unit farmland kg∙hm−2 >270 180~270 90~180 <90 单位面积畜禽承载量 Livestock and poultry carrying capacity per unit area LU∙hm−2 >2.7 1.9~2.7 1.1~1.9 <1.1 空气质量 Air quality d >30 20~30 10~20 <10 单位面积农业源氨排放量 Ammonia emissions from agricultural sources per unit area kg∙hm−2 >140 120~140 100~120 <100 生产单位食品氮环境代价 Food nitrogen environmental cost per production unit kg∙kg−1 >5 4~5 3~4 <3 单位面积农业源温室气体排放量 Greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sources per unit area kg(CO2 eq)∙hm−2 >6500 5000~6500 3500~5000 <3500 农膜资源化回收率 Agricultural film recycling rate % <40 40~60 60~80 >80 土壤侵蚀模数 Modulus of soil erosion % >30 20~30 10~20 <10 地表水质量 Surface water quality % <50 50~70 70~90 >90 地下水水质超标率 Standard-exceeding rate of ground water quality % >50 30~50 10~30 <10 农药(抗生素)土壤残留超标率 Standard-exceeding rate of pesticides (antibiotics) residues in soil % >10 5~10 2~5 <2 农田重金属污染超标比例 Proportion of exceeding the standard of farmland heavy metal pollution % >10 5~10 2~5 <2 1.2 数据来源
本研究需要的数据共两部分, 分别为生产数据与参数数据。通过生产数据主要可以了解县域的社会经济、资源消耗和生产方式等基本情况, 而参数数据反映出农业生产的基本性状如动植物的养分含量和城乡居民的活动行为。
生产数据: 吉林省梨树县1994—2019年国民生产总值、总产值、农业产值、农药投入量、化肥投入量, 以及农作物耕地面积、产量, 各类畜禽的养殖数量等数据从梨树年鉴[16]、四平统计年鉴[17]以及吉林统计年鉴[18]中获取。
参数数据: 为了更符合东北地区的实际情况, 将模型的参数进行了部分调整。化肥投入含氮量及含磷量来源于吉林统计年鉴[18]。草谷比参数来源于刘晓永等[19]研究结果。农村地区、城镇居民饮食消费量根据中国统计年鉴[20]中吉林省的数据进行适当调整。
2. 结果与分析
2.1 梨树县农业绿色发展指标整体时间变化
1994—2019年梨树县农业绿色发展各级指标总数如图1所示, 梨树县的农业绿色发展水平稳步上升。截至2019年, 统计数据记录越来越完善, 无法计算指标个数在大幅度减小, 由27个下降至11个。与此同时, 其他级别的指标也在逐步改善, Ⅲ、Ⅳ级指标数量由4个增长到17个。在2019年Ⅰ级指标个数仅剩余2个, 同时部分Ⅱ级指标在向Ⅲ级指标转变。
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图 1 梨树县农业绿色发展各级指标总数(1994—2019年)Figure 1. Number of indicators of agricultural green development at each level in Lishu County (1994−2019)1997年、2000年、2006年、2012年和2019年梨树县农业绿色发展社会经济、食物生产及生态环境方面各级指标分布情况如图2所示。从图可知, 1997—2019年, Ⅰ级指标有所下降, 从19%下降到6%, Ⅱ级指标占比有所降低, 由28%下降至17%, 而Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级指标占比由最初的22%上升到47%。由图中的柱状图可知社会经济的Ⅰ级指标逐年减小, 由40%减小到10%, Ⅲ、Ⅳ级指标占比增长到40%; 食物生产指标中由Ⅰ级指标向Ⅱ级指标转变, 2019年Ⅱ级指标占比增加到25%, 同时Ⅰ级指标占比下降到0%; 生态环境Ⅰ、Ⅱ级指标占比之和由50%下降到14%, 其中变化幅度最大的指标数为Ⅲ级指标, 截止到2019年增长到43%。
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图 2 梨树县农业绿色发展社会经济、食物生产及生态环境方面各级指标的占比(1997年、2000年、2006年、2012年、2019年)Figure 2. Proportion of indicators at each level in three aspects of agricultural green development in Lishu County, including social economy, food production and ecological environment (1997, 2000, 2006, 2012, 2019)2.2 梨树县农业绿色发展社会经济指标整体时间变化
由图3可知, 2019年人均农业综合投入较1994年有所提升, 全县绿色发展水平从Ⅰ级变到Ⅳ级, 从2049.7 ¥∙capita−1增长到11 366.7 ¥∙capita−1。全县农业机械化动力虽然呈现连年增长的趋势, 从1.3 kW∙hm−2增加到5.1 kW∙hm−2, 但是整体水平仍处于Ⅰ级。有效农田灌溉面积占比截止到2019年增长到61.1%, 2013年前增长虽缓慢, 但2014年后, 增长速度有所提升。虽然农村居民可支配收入仍然处于较低的绿色发展水平, 但是从1994年Ⅰ级(0.2×104 ¥)增长到2019年的Ⅱ级(1.7×104 ¥) 。人均农业收入占比1994—2019年一直呈增长态势, 2019年为35.1%, 越来越接近绿色发展Ⅲ级水平。而动物蛋白生产占比增长幅度较大, 呈显著上升趋势, 从1994年的20.9%增加到2019年69.4%, 达到Ⅳ级水平。人均蛋白质摄入量一直呈增长趋势, 指标Ⅰ级转向Ⅲ级水平, 由15.2 kg∙capita−1∙a−1增长到29.2 kg∙capita−1∙a−1。
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图 3 梨树县社会经济指标时间变化(1994—2019年)Figure 3. Time changes of socioeconomic indicators in Lishu County (1994−2019)2.3 梨树县农业绿色发展食物生产指标整体时间变化
由图4可知, 相比于1997年, 梨树县2019年单位农田农药投入量由3.2 kg∙hm−2提高到4.0 kg∙hm−2, 虽然有所增加, 但整体仍处于Ⅱ级水平。单位动物畜牧外源饲料氮投入量虽然一直处于Ⅱ级水平, 但呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势, 2019年值为35.1 kg(N)∙LU−1。1994—2019年, 人均农业水足迹指标呈现增长趋势, 增长到617.0 m3∙capita−1∙a−1, 从Ⅲ级水平向Ⅱ级水平恶化。梨树县单位耕地面积蛋白质产量先下降后慢慢升高, 2019年值为372.3 kg∙hm−2, 向Ⅱ级绿色水平慢慢变化。单位耕地面积卡路里产量呈先下降再升高趋势, 从2266.8×104 kcal∙hm−2降低到1968.7×104 kcal∙hm−2, 而后又渐渐升高到2384.2×104 kcal∙hm−2, 2019年全县水平处于Ⅲ级。单位耕地面积农业产值虽然一直处于Ⅰ级水平, 但是呈现上升趋势, 2019年为6.8×104 ¥∙hm−2。农业产值能耗处于Ⅳ级水平, 从1997年2788.0 MJ∙(104 ¥)−1上升到2019年3341.0 MJ∙(104 ¥)−1, 变化幅度较小。农田氮综合利用效率呈先下降后上升的趋势, 2017年起处于Ⅲ级, 2019年达53.8%。2019年畜禽氮综合利用效率相比于1997年所有增长, 从9.1%增长到11.9%, 但仍处于较不绿色的Ⅱ级水平。农田化肥磷吸收利用效率整体仍处于Ⅳ级绿色水平, 变化幅度较小。
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图 4 梨树县食物生产指标时间变化(1994—2019年)Figure 4. Time changes of food production indicators in Lishu County (1994−2019)2.4 梨树县农业绿色发展生态环境指标整体时间变化
由图5可知, 2019年梨树县畜禽粪尿综合利用率比1997年呈小幅度下降, 虽然整体绿色发展水平仍处于Ⅱ级, 但是指标数从44.6%下降到37.0%, 有向Ⅰ级水平发展的趋势。秸秆氮综合利用效率从1997年的61.5%一直上升至2019年的73.4%, 从Ⅱ级水平慢慢向Ⅲ级转变。单位面积农田氮盈余量指标呈先上升后下降趋势, 2019年处于Ⅱ级水平, 值为149.3 kg∙hm−2。单位面积畜禽承载量绿色发展水平始终处于Ⅰ级水平, 2019年为5.1 LU∙hm−2。单位面积农业源氨排放量全县呈好转趋势, 从1997年Ⅱ级水平的139.8 kg∙hm−2, 下降至2019年Ⅲ级水平的107.8 kg∙hm−2。2019年梨树县生产单位食物氮环境代价为3.6 kg∙kg−1, 从1994年Ⅲ级转变为Ⅱ级水平。2019年单位面积农业源温室气候排放量相比于1997年有所降低, 由Ⅱ级6204.5 kg(CO2 eq)∙hm−2, 转变为Ⅲ级的4751.0 kg(CO2 eq)∙hm−2。
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图 5 梨树县生态环境指标时间变化(1994—2019年)GHG: 温室气体。Figure 5. Time changes of ecological environment indicators in Lishu County (1994−2019)GHG: greenhouse gas.3. 讨论
3.1 梨树县农业绿色发展指标整体时间变化
从整体来看, 梨树县1994—2019年的农业绿色发展水平显著提高, 社会经济、食物生产、生态环境3大方面的Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级指标都在逐步向Ⅳ级指标转变。这与以往的研究相似, 崔石磊等[21]通过对比1980—2017年间全国氮素使用强度、环境排放及整体利用效率情况, 发现大部分氮素生产类以及食物消费类的指标均呈现上升趋势; 张晓萌等[22]通过对比1984—2014年东北地区食物链养分循环特征发现总输入与输出量不断攀升, 河北省与海南岛的县域农业绿色发展时空变化也体现出相同上升趋势[12,14]。本研究结果说明近年来梨树县为了发展生态农业, 将农业绿色发展作为首要任务[23], 2016年梨树县开始大面积推广“梨树模式”, 打造“梨树现代农业综合体, 创建智慧农业”, 开展“梨树黑土地论坛”会议活动等[24]。这些政策和保护措施, 使梨树县为吉林省乃至我国农业主导的限制开发区域探索绿色发展、推进生态文明建设做出了一个良好的表率和示范[25]。但是Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级指标的存在也说明梨树地区农业绿色发展仍将面临很多挑战, 农业绿色发展仍有很大进步空间, 农业现代化建设在质量效益和绿色发展上还有一定差距。
3.2 梨树县农业绿色发展社会经济指标整体时间变化
从整体上看, 1994—2019年梨树县社会经济指标农业绿色发展水平显著提高, 这与海南岛的变化趋势相同, 但提高幅度高于海南岛[12]。这一结果与吉林省政府财政对农业发展加大投入息息相关, 其投入占农林牧渔业增加值的比重为35.5%, 高于全国平均水平7.1个百分点[26], 同时随着农村人口的逐渐减少, 农业综合投入指标大幅度增长, 从而转变为绿色。农业机械化程度的好坏是推动农业供给侧结构性改革与乡村振兴战略的基本, 但四平市机械化率仅占吉林省9.2%[26-27], 因此虽然农业机械化水平与1997年相比有明显提高, 可仍未脱离Ⅰ级水平。农田灌溉面积占比从1997年增长幅度较大, 但到2003年国家开始提倡退耕还林政策后, 增长幅度慢慢变小, 但随后增长幅度变大, 到2019年梨树县农田灌溉水平达61.1%, 与全国水平74.3%还相差一定距离。在经济发展上梨树县有明显提高, 这与郭田田[28]的研究结果一致。经济收入的增长刺激消费, 促使相应农牧产品产量不断增加, 人们的生活水平也随之提升, 动物蛋白生产占比与人均蛋白质摄入量均处于绿色水平, 说明膳食结构发生明显变化, 营养状况得到改善。张黎等[29]针对吉林省膳食结构的研究表明, 肉蛋奶的消费量及食用频率明显增长, 说明该地居民的营养状态已经改善, 本文研究结果与此一致。但应该注意的是, 虽然人们生活水平提高, 蛋白质的摄入量也要注意, 过量或缺少都会造成指标向不绿色方向发展。
3.3 梨树县农业绿色发展食物生产指标整体时间变化
梨树县在食物生产方面整体有明显提高, 逐渐趋于绿色发展, 但是有个别指标有向不绿色方向发展趋势, 需要多加注意。随着粮食产量逐年上升, 耕地面积卡路里产量指标变为绿色; 另外单位耕地面积农业产值也从1.7×104 ¥∙hm−2增加到6.8×104 ¥∙hm−2, 这与吉林省农业现代化建设水平评估报告[26]结果相似, 也正是因为农业在生产条件方面的改善, 才取得这样的成就。同时, 正因为我国开始倡导向低碳未来迈进[30], 资源投入有所降低, 慢慢向绿色方向发展, 如单位农业产值能耗指标、畜禽氮综合利用效率指标等。梨树县虽然被评为“全国商品瘦肉型猪基地县” “国家秸秆养牛示范县” “全国畜牧兽医科技示范县”等称号, 但畜牧业产业发展仍然处于初级阶段[31], 导致畜牧养殖数量极不稳定, 限制了单位耕地面积蛋白质产量指标的绿色发展。梨树县2019年农田系统氮素利用效率为53.8%, 是由于梨树县化肥施用量虽实现减少但幅度较小, 这虽高于吉林省的平均水平(48.8%), 但远低于全国平均水平(89.8%), 说明梨树县为典型代表的吉林省在氮素利用方面仍有较大的提升空间[21,26]。在毛健伟等[32]研究发现梨树县仍存在农药投入不当的风险, 使得农药投入量有所增加, 有向不绿色方向发展的风险。梨树县农村人口逐年递减限制了人均农业水足迹指标的发展, 呈现增长趋势, 到2019年增长到617.0 m3∙capita−1∙a−1, 向不绿色方向转变。
3.4 梨树县农业绿色发展生态环境指标整体时间变化
截止到2019年, 除无法计算指标外, 梨树县大部分生态环境类指标慢慢朝绿色水平靠拢, 这与河北省县域农业绿色发展的研究结果相似, 却显著优于海南岛的发展水平[12]。随着保护环境理念的逐渐增强, 梨树县的人居环境也有所改善, 通过全县分布的721个散养户粪污收集点, 各粪污处理中心进行粪污收集转运, 逐步建立完善粪污收储运体系[33], 畜禽粪尿综合利用率有所提高。并且在过去很长一段时间, 农户处理农田秸秆一直以焚烧为主, 并未合理循环利用。近些年国家开始对秸秆焚烧进行管控, 梨树县积极响应国家号召, 建立了符合自己实际情况的模式——梨树模式, 以农作物秸秆直接覆盖还田为核心内容的保护性耕作方式[34], 此项措施在一定程度上提高了秸秆氮综合利用效率, 因此利用效率呈上升趋势, 趋于Ⅳ级绿色水平。农田化肥投入量由于实行测土配方施肥, 达到节本增效[35], 使得单位面积农田氮盈余呈现下降趋势, 到2019年为149.3 kg∙hm−2, 环境压力有所减少。虽然在种植业方面氮素有所下降, 但在全国范围内增加的动物食品消费需求量, 促使畜牧养殖数量、畜牧业氮投入量都有所增加, 研究结果与张晓萌等[22]相似, 因此生产单位食物氮环境代价与单位面积畜禽承载量绿色发展情况较落后。近年来, 我国空气污染事件越来越严重, 梨树县空气也有所污染, 吉林省的空气质量指数也相对增加(58.4%~80.2%)[36], 向不绿色方面发展。伴随着我国越来越重视农业工作, 梨树县耕地面积逐年递增, 与此同时化肥的合理施用, 使得单位面积农业源氨排放量与单位面积农业源GHG排放量都有所好转, 慢慢趋于绿色水平。
3.5 研究的不确定性
在本研究中, 参数数据并没有完全本地化, 所选用模型Nufer的原有参数数据, 因此和反映区域有一定的偏差, 这使研究带有一定的不确定性。而生产数据获取途径方面, 例如县域的农业产值、化肥折纯量投入量、农药投入量、农业机械总动力投入、各种农作物播种面积及产量、畜禽动物养殖数量都来自于四平市统计年鉴, 与梨树年鉴以及吉林省统计年鉴数据有些许的出入, 也使得研究有一定的不确定性。
4. 结论
梨树县作为吉林省农业绿色发展的典型县域, 农业绿色发展程度较高, 从1994—2019年Ⅰ、Ⅱ级指标占比由47%下降到23%, Ⅲ、Ⅳ级指标占比由22%上升到47%。发展同时仍存在一些问题, 在社会经济方面, 农业机械化水平较低, 2019年农业机械化动力仅为5.1 kW∙hm−2; 在食物生产方面, 在农业生产过程中, 资源投入有所降低, 使农业产值能耗指标、畜禽氮综合利用效率指标等慢慢转变为绿色, 但仍存在种植结构单一、优质农产品产量低等问题, 限制了单位耕地面积农业产值指标的发展, 2019年梨树县产值仅达到Ⅰ级水平6.8 ×104 ¥∙hm−2; 从生态环境来看, 由于畜禽数量的增加, 而畜禽粪尿的利用程度偏弱, 导致畜禽粪尿综合利用率处于Ⅰ级水平, 而耕地面积未能与畜禽数量按同样的倍数增长, 也使单位耕地畜禽承载量始终处在Ⅰ级水平。
综上所述, 实现吉林省农业的绿色发展, 在种植业方面需要改变种植结构单一的现状, 同时减少农药、化肥等投入, 提升优质农产品产量, 合理开发利用黑土地资源, 大力推广测土配方施肥、保护性耕作等优秀农业技术; 在畜牧业方面应全面推广农牧结合, 减少畜禽粪尿污染物, 应用畜牧业规模化生产的环保减排技术, 实现粪尿的无害化和资源化利用, 减少对生态环境的伤害, 全面推进吉林省农业绿色发展。
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图 1 梨树县农业绿色发展各级指标总数(1994—2019年)
Figure 1. Number of indicators of agricultural green development at each level in Lishu County (1994−2019)
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图 2 梨树县农业绿色发展社会经济、食物生产及生态环境方面各级指标的占比(1997年、2000年、2006年、2012年、2019年)
Figure 2. Proportion of indicators at each level in three aspects of agricultural green development in Lishu County, including social economy, food production and ecological environment (1997, 2000, 2006, 2012, 2019)
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图 3 梨树县社会经济指标时间变化(1994—2019年)
Figure 3. Time changes of socioeconomic indicators in Lishu County (1994−2019)
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图 4 梨树县食物生产指标时间变化(1994—2019年)
Figure 4. Time changes of food production indicators in Lishu County (1994−2019)
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图 5 梨树县生态环境指标时间变化(1994—2019年)
GHG: 温室气体。
Figure 5. Time changes of ecological environment indicators in Lishu County (1994−2019)
GHG: greenhouse gas.
表 1 农业绿色发展指标体系及计算方法
Table 1 Indicators of green agricultural development and calculation methods
分类
Category指标
Indicator指标含义
Indicator implication计算公式
Calculation formula社会经济
Social economy人均农业综合投入
Per capita comprehensive agricultural input衡量政府财政对农业发展的支持程度, 正向指标
Measure the degree of government financial support for agricultural development, positive indicator农林水务投入量/农村人口数
Amount of investment in agriculture, forestry, and water affairs/rural population单位耕地面积机械动力
Mechanical power per unit cultivated land评价农业机械化程度, 正向指标
Evaluate the degree of agricultural mechanization, positive indicator农业机械总动力/耕地面积
Agricultural machinery total power/cultivated land area有效灌溉面积占比
Proportion of effective irrigation area衡量农业生产灌溉装备情况, 正向指标
Measure the situation of irrigation equipment, positive indicator有效灌溉面积/耕地面积×100%
Effective irrigation area/cultivated land area×100%农村居民人均可支配收入
Per capita disposable income of rural residents评价区域农民收入水平现状, 正向指标
Evaluate the status quo of the regional farmers’
income, positive indicator数据来源于统计年鉴
Data comes from the statistical yearbook人均农业收入占比
Per capita agricultural income percentage评价农业生产对农民收入的贡献, 正向指标
Evaluate the contribution of agricultural production to farmers’ income, positive indicator农村居民经营性收入/农民总收入
Rural residents’ operating income/total income of farmers动物蛋白生产占比
Proportion of animal protein production评价农业生产供给与居民膳食需求的匹配度, 正向指标
Evaluate the matching degree of agricultural production supply and residents’ dietary needs, positive indicator动物蛋白产量/ (动物蛋白产量+植物蛋白产量)
Animal protein yield/(animal protein yield+plant protein yield)人均蛋白摄入量
Protein intake per capita评价居民膳食营养状况, 正向指标
Evaluate the dietary nutrition status of residents, positive indicator∑(居民主要食品消费量×蛋白质含量)
∑(residents’ main food consumption×protein yield)农业人口高中学历及以上比例
Ratio of agricultural population with high school education or above衡量农村人口受教育程度, 正向指标
Measure the educational level of the rural population, positive indicator高中及以上人口数/人口总数×100%
Population with high school and above/total population×100%土地流转比例
Proportion of land transfer评价土地流转和集中程度, 正向指标
Evaluate the degree of land circulation and concentration, positive indicator土地流转面积/区域耕地面积×100%
Land transfer area/cultivated land area×100%城乡居民可支配收入比
Disposable income ratio of urban and rural residents评价城乡居民的收入差距, 负向指标
Evaluate the income gap between urban and rural residents, negative indicator城市居民可支配收入/农村居民可支配收入
Disposable income of urban residents/disposable income of rural residents食物生产
Food production单位农田农药投入量
Pesticide input per unit farmland评价农业生产中农药使用情况, 负向指标
Evaluate the use of pesticides in agricultural production, negative indicator农药使用量/总播种面积
Pesticide usage/total sown area单位动物畜牧外源饲料氮投入量
Nitrogen input of exogenous feed per animal反映种植业和畜牧业的匹配和耦合情况, 负向指标
Reflect the matching and coupling of planting and animal husbandry, negative indicator(畜牧业氮需求量−种植业氮供给量)/标准动物头数
(Nitrogen requirement in livestock−planting nitrogen supply)/number of standard animals人均农业水足迹
Per capita agricultural water footprint反映人均食物消费对水资源的消耗, 负向指标
Reflect the consumption of water resources by per capita food consumption, negative indicator(主要食品消费量×单位食品水足迹) /人口数
(Main food consumption×food water footprint per unit food)/population单位耕地面积蛋白质产量
Protein production per unit cultivated land衡量种植业生产水平, 正向指标
Measure the production level of planting industry, positive indicator各种作物蛋白质总量/耕地面积
Total protein of various crops/cultivated land area单位耕地面积卡路里产量
Calorie yield per unit arable land评价农业生产水平, 正向指标
Evaluate the level of agricultural production, positive indicator(各种作物产品热量+动物产品热量)/耕地面积
(Calories of crop products +calories of animal products)/cultivated land area单位耕地面积农业产值
Agricultural output value per unit of cultivated land评价农业生产的经济增产价值, 正向指标
Evaluate the economic output value of agricultural production, positive indicator农业生产总值/耕地面积
Gross agricultural output value/cultivated land area单位农业产值能耗
Energy consumption per unit agricultural output value评价农业生产对能源的依赖程度, 负向指标
Evaluate the degree of dependence of agricultural production on energy, negative indicator∑(农业生产主要能源消费量×单位能源能值)/农业生产总产值
∑ (Agricultural production primary energy consumption×energy per unit energy source)/gross agricultural production value农田氮综合利用效率
Farmland nitrogen comprehensive utilization efficiency当年作物系统各种作物氮素携出量与氮素投入总量, 正向指标
Amount of nitrogen carried out by various crop and the total amount of nitrogen inputs in crop system in the current year, positive indicator(收获部位氮吸收量+秸秆部位氮吸收量)/农田氮总投入量×100%
(Nitrogen uptake of harvest part+nitrogen uptake in straw)/total nitrogen input in farmland×100%畜禽氮综合利用效率
Comprehensive nitrogen use efficiency of livestock衡量畜牧业生产效率, 正向指标
Measure the production efficiency of animal husbandry, positive indicator(畜禽主要产品氮吸收量+动物副产品氮吸收量)/畜禽氮总投入量×100%
(Nitrogen absorption of main products of livestock and poultry+nitrogen absorption of animal by-products)/total input of nitrogen of livestock and poultry×100%
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续表 1 分类
Category指标
Indicator指标含义
Indicator implication计算公式
Calculation formula化肥磷吸收利用率
Fertilizer phosphorus absorption and utilization衡量农业生产磷肥利用效率, 正向指标
Measure the utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer in agricultural production, positive indicator(收获部位磷吸收量+秸秆磷吸收量)/农田磷总投入量×100%
(Phosphorus uptake of harvest part+phosphorus uptake of straw)/total phosphorus input in farmland×100%单位动物兽药投入
Veterinary drug input per unit animal评价畜牧业兽药使用水平, 负向指标
Evaluate the level of veterinary drug use in animal husbandry, negative indicator数据来源于统计年鉴
Data comes from the statistical yearbook农田灌溉水有效利用系数
Effective use coefficient of farmland irrigation water指征灌溉用水进入农田的比例, 正向指标
Indicate the proportion of irrigation water entering farmland, positive indicator数据来源于统计年鉴
Data comes from the statistical yearbook生态
环境
Ecological environment畜禽粪尿综合利用率
Comprehensive utilization rate of livestock manure指征畜牧业生产中粪污资源化利用程度, 正向指标
Indicate the degree of manure resource utilization in animal husbandry production, positive indicator粪尿资源化利用量/畜禽粪尿产生量×100%
Resource utilization of manure/manure production of livestock and poultry×100%秸秆氮综合利用效率
Straw nitrogen comprehensive utilization efficiency指征种植业秸秆资源化利用程度, 正向指标
Indicate the degree of utilization of straw resources in planting industry, positive indicator(秸秆还田量+秸秆饲喂量+秸秆发电用量)/秸秆产生量×100%
(Amount of straw returning to field+amount of straw feeding+amount of straw for electricity generation)/amount of straw produced×100%单位农田氮盈余量
Nitrogen surplus per unit farmland反映农田氮投入适宜程度及对环境的压力, 负向指标
Reflect the suitability of nitrogen input in farmland and the pressure on the environment, negative indicator(农田总氮投入量−秸秆氮吸收量−收获部位氮吸收量)/耕地面积
(Total nitrogen input in farmland−nitrogen absorption of straw−nitrogen absorption of harvest part)/cultivated land area单位面积畜禽承载量
Livestock and poultry carrying capacity per unit area评价种植业消纳粪污能力与畜牧业粪污排放能力的匹配程度, 负向指标
Evaluate the matching degree between the manure consumption capacity of planting industry and the manure discharge capacity of animal husbandry, negative indicator区域畜禽养殖标准动物头数/耕地面积
Number of standard animal of regional livestock and poultry breeding/cultivated land area空气质量
Air quality衡量大气污染状况, 负向指标
Measure the state of air pollution, negative indicator环境空气质量标准
Ambient air quality standards单位面积农业源氨排放量
Ammonia emissions from agricultural sources per unit area评价农田氨排放能力, 负向指标
Evaluate the ammonia emission capacity of farmland, negative indicator(肥料+人畜动物氨挥发量) /耕地面积×100%
(Fertilizer+ammonia volatilization amount of human and animal)/cultivated land area×100%生产单位食品氮环境代价
Food nitrogen environmental cost per production unit每产生1 kg食物氮向环境中排放的氮量, 负向指标
Amount of nitrogen emitted to the environment for 1 kg food nitrogen production, negative indicator(种植业氮投入+畜牧业氮投入−食物氮含量)/食物氮含量
(Planting nitrogen input+animal husbandry nitrogen input−food nitrogen content)/food nitrogen content单位面积农业源温室气体(GHG)排放量
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural sources per unit area整个食物系统的各种GHG排放量总和与耕地面积、园地、人工草地面积比值, 负向指标
Ratio of total amount of various GHG emissions in the whole food system to the area of cultivated land, garden land, and artificial grassland, negative indicator(畜牧业GHG排放量+种植业GHG排放量)/耕地面积
(GHG emissions from animal husbandry+GHG emissions from crop farming)/cultivated land area农膜资源化回收率
Agricultural film recycling rate指征农用薄膜回收和资源化利用程度, 正向指标
Indicating degree of recycling and resource utilization of agricultural film, positive indicator农膜回收利用量/农膜使用量×100%
Amount of agricultural film recycling/amount of agricultural film used×100%土壤侵蚀模数
Modulus of soil erosion指表层土壤在单位面积和单位时间内被剥蚀并发生位移的土壤侵蚀量, 负向指标
Refer to the amount of soil erosion that the topsoil is eroded and displaced per unit area and unit time, negative indicator水土流失面积/区域总面积×100%
Soil erosion area/total area ×100%地表水质量
Surface water quality评价地表水水质,为生态环境常规统计指标, 正向指标
Evaluate the water quality of surface water, a conventional statistical indicator of ecological environment, positive indicator数据来源于环境公报
Data from Environmental Bulletin地下水水质超标率
Standard-exceeding rate of ground water quality评价地下水质超标情况, 负向指标
Evaluate the situation of groundwater quality exceeding the standard, negative indicator(水质为Ⅳ、Ⅴ和劣Ⅴ类样点) /总测样点×100%
(Sample points with Ⅳ, Ⅴ and inferior Ⅴ water quality)/total measurement sample points×100%农药(抗生素)土壤残留超标率
Standard-exceeding rate of pesticides (antibiotics) residues in soil衡量农田土壤农药污染状况, 负向指标
Measure the pesticide pollution status of farmland soil, negative indicator超标点数/总监测点数×100%
Standard-exceeding points/total monitoring points×100%农田重金属污染超标比例
Proportion of exceeding the standard of farmland heavy metal pollution衡量农田土壤重金属污染状况, 负向指标
Measure the status of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil, negative indicator超标点数/总监测点数×100%
Standard-exceeding points/total monitoring points×100%
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表 2 农业绿色发展评价指标体系分级标准
Table 2 Grading criteria of agricultural green development evaluation index system
分类
Category指标
Indicator单位
Unit分级标准 Grading standard Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ 社会经济
Social
economy人均农业综合投入 Per capita comprehensive agricultural input ¥∙capita−1 ≤3259 3259~4786 4786~6140 ≥6140 单位耕地面积机械动力 Mechanical power per unit of cultivated land kW∙hm−2 ≤6.2 6.2~8.4 8.4~11.5 ≥11.5 有效灌溉面积占比 Proportion of effective irrigation area % ≤50 50~60 60~70 ≥70 农村居民人均可支配收入 Per capita disposable income of rural residents ×104¥ ≤0.7 0.7~2.8 2.8~8.8 ≥8.8 人均农业收入占比 Per capita agricultural income percentage % 0~10 10~20 20~40 ≥40 动物蛋白生产占比 Proportion of animal protein production % ≤20 20~40 40~55 ≥55 人均蛋白摄入量 Protein intake per capita kg∙capita−1∙a−1 <14.6, >34.7 14.6~18.3, 29.2~34.7 23.7~29.2 18.3~23.7 农业人口高中学历及以上比例 Ratio of agricultural population with high school education or above % 0~22.5 22.5~45 45~90 >90 土地流转比例 Proportion of land transfer % <20 20~40 40~60 >60 城乡居民可支配收入比 Disposable income ratio of urban and rural residents >2 1.6~2 1.2~1.6 <1.2 食物生产
Food production单位农田农药投入量 Pesticide input per unit of farmland kg∙hm−2 >10 5~10 2.5~5 <2.5 单位动物畜牧外源饲料氮投入量 Nitrogen input of exogenous feed per animal kg(N)∙LU−1 >120 60~120 0~60 ≤0 人均农业水足迹 Per capita agricultural water footprint m3∙capita−1∙a−1 >760 620~760 480~620 <480 单位耕地面积蛋白质产量 Protein production per unit cultivated land kg∙hm−2 <313 313~372 372~431 >431 单位耕地面积卡路里产量 Calorie yield per unit cultivated land ×104 kcal∙hm−2 <1960 1960~2180 2180~2400 >2400 单位耕地面积农业产值 Agricultural output value per unit cultivated land ×104 ¥∙hm−2 <6.7 6.7~8.4 8.4~10.5 >10.5 单位农业产值能耗 Energy consumption per unit agricultural output value MJ∙(104 ¥)−1 >7291 6197~7291 5650~6197 <5650 农田氮综合利用效率 Farmland nitrogen comprehensive utilization efficiency % 0~35 35~50 50~65 >65 畜禽氮综合利用效率 Comprehensive nitrogen use efficiency of livestock % <10 10~20 20~30 >30 化肥磷吸收利用率 Fertilizer phosphorus absorption and utilization % 0~20 20~30 30~40 >40 单位动物兽药投入 Veterinary drug input per unit animal ¥∙LU−1 >244 122~244 61~122 <61 农田灌溉水有效利用系数 Effective use coefficient of farmland irrigation water % <0.50 0.50~0.55 0.55~0.60 >0.60 生态环境
Ecological environment畜禽粪尿综合利用率 Comprehensive utilization rate of livestock manure % <35 35~55 55~75 >75 秸秆氮综合利用效率 Straw nitrogen comprehensive utilization efficiency % <45 45~65 65~85 >85 单位农田氮盈余量 Nitrogen surplus per unit farmland kg∙hm−2 >270 180~270 90~180 <90 单位面积畜禽承载量 Livestock and poultry carrying capacity per unit area LU∙hm−2 >2.7 1.9~2.7 1.1~1.9 <1.1 空气质量 Air quality d >30 20~30 10~20 <10 单位面积农业源氨排放量 Ammonia emissions from agricultural sources per unit area kg∙hm−2 >140 120~140 100~120 <100 生产单位食品氮环境代价 Food nitrogen environmental cost per production unit kg∙kg−1 >5 4~5 3~4 <3 单位面积农业源温室气体排放量 Greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sources per unit area kg(CO2 eq)∙hm−2 >6500 5000~6500 3500~5000 <3500 农膜资源化回收率 Agricultural film recycling rate % <40 40~60 60~80 >80 土壤侵蚀模数 Modulus of soil erosion % >30 20~30 10~20 <10 地表水质量 Surface water quality % <50 50~70 70~90 >90 地下水水质超标率 Standard-exceeding rate of ground water quality % >50 30~50 10~30 <10 农药(抗生素)土壤残留超标率 Standard-exceeding rate of pesticides (antibiotics) residues in soil % >10 5~10 2~5 <2 农田重金属污染超标比例 Proportion of exceeding the standard of farmland heavy metal pollution % >10 5~10 2~5 <2
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