曹彩云, 党红凯, 郑春莲, 郭丽, 李科江, 马俊永. 灌浆期高温胁迫对小麦灌浆的影响及叶面喷剂的缓解作用[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2016, 24(8): 1103-1113.
引用本文: 曹彩云, 党红凯, 郑春莲, 郭丽, 李科江, 马俊永. 灌浆期高温胁迫对小麦灌浆的影响及叶面喷剂的缓解作用[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2016, 24(8): 1103-1113.
CAO Caiyun, DANG Hongkai, ZHENG Chunlian, GUO Li, LI Kejiang, MA Junyong. Impact of high temperature stress on grain-filling and the relief effect of foliage sprays during grain-filling stage of wheat[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2016, 24(8): 1103-1113.
Citation: CAO Caiyun, DANG Hongkai, ZHENG Chunlian, GUO Li, LI Kejiang, MA Junyong. Impact of high temperature stress on grain-filling and the relief effect of foliage sprays during grain-filling stage of wheat[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2016, 24(8): 1103-1113.

灌浆期高温胁迫对小麦灌浆的影响及叶面喷剂的缓解作用

Impact of high temperature stress on grain-filling and the relief effect of foliage sprays during grain-filling stage of wheat

  • 摘要: 针对我国华北麦区灌浆期高温影响小麦灌浆和产量的问题, 本研究在2013—2014年和2014—2015年两个小麦生长季, 采用田间塑料棚自然升温的方式, 在灌浆期设4个时段高温胁迫处理作为主处理, 两年分别在花后12~25 d、12~16 d、15~20 d和20~25 d, 花后8~21 d、8~12 d、14~20 d和16~21 d进行高温处理, 以不罩棚自然温度作为对照(分别用A1、A2、A3、A4和A5表示, A5为对照); 以0.2%磷酸二氢钾、0.05%硫酸锌、清水和不喷施4个喷剂作为副处理(分别用B1、B2、B3和B4表示), 研究了灌浆期不同时段高温处理对小麦籽粒灌浆的影响及喷施不同叶面喷剂对高温胁迫的缓解作用, 并对不同处理下的小麦灌浆特征进行了量化分析。研究结果表明: (1)小麦灌浆期不同时段高温与自然温度对比均造成小麦减产, 减产幅度两个试验年度分别为12.64%~15.34%和2.04%~9.41%, 并且高温胁迫时间长, 处理时间早的A1减产幅度最大, 且较对照A5达极显著水平; 高温减产的直接原因是小麦穗粒数减少及千粒重降低, 两个试验年度穗粒数分别减少0.71~5.45个和1.73~3.00个, 千粒重分别降低1.28~3.41 g和0.84~4.27 g; 从2013—2014年度模型模拟的灌浆特征看, 不同时段高温处理使小麦提前到达第1和第2拐点, A1~A4第1拐点较对照提前0.29~0.75 d、第2拐点提前0.22~1.42 d, 因此高温处理缩短了灌浆时间, 且平均灌浆速率降低, 最终造成千粒重降低。(2)叶面喷剂具有缓解高温胁迫的作用, 两个试验年度叶面喷剂分别比不喷对照提高产量3.08%~7.05%和2.09%~3.52%, 可一定程度缓解高温对穗粒数和千粒重的不良影响, 两个试验年度叶面喷剂分别增加穗粒数1.04~2.30个和0.95~2.01个, 提高千粒重1.10~1.42 g和0.60~0.89 g, 且B1效果最好; 从灌浆数值特征分析看, 叶面喷剂推迟了到达第1和第2拐点的时间, 不同喷剂推迟到达第1拐点时间为0.48~0.98 d, 推迟到达第2拐点的时间为0.32~0.98 d, 延长了灌浆的时间, 平均灌浆速率提高0.01~0.04 mg·grain-1·d-1, 以B1(磷酸二氢钾)的作用最好。因此叶面喷剂可延长小麦灌浆期, 不同程度地增加了穗粒数和千粒重, 是增产和减灾的有效措施之一。

     

    Abstract: In order to relieve damages caused by frequent high temperatures at grain-filling stage to grain filling and yield decreasing of wheat in the North China Plain, a study was conducted in 20132014 and 20142015 growing seasons. A split block design was used with 4 different high temperature stress treatments (A1, A2, A3 and A4) produced by plastic sheet covering and no covering (A5) as control. Treatments A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 were covered with plastic sheets at 12–25 d, 12–16 d, 15–20 d, 20–25 d after anthesis in 20132014 and 8–21 d, 8–12 d, 14–20 d, 16–21 d after anthesis in 20142015, respectively. Three foliar sprays 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate (B1), 0.05% zinc sulfate (B2), water (B3) were applied at booting and early milking stages as the sub-treatments with no spray as the control (B4). The impacts of high temperature stress and the relieving effect of foliar spray on grain-filling during grain-filling stage were quantified via model simulation. The results showed that high temperature stress reduced grain weight, grain number per spike and grain yield of wheat. For yield losses under different temperature stress treatments, A1, A2, A3 and A4 were 15.34%, 13.11%, 14.93% and 12.64% in 20132014, and 9.41%, 3.89%, 4.93% and 2.04% in 20142015, respectively, compared with control. Yield of A1 was lowest among all the treatments and the difference between A1 and A5 (CK) was significant at P < 0.01. No significant differences existed among A2, A3, A4 and A5 in terms of yield. For 1000-grain weight, A1, A2, A3 and A4 respectively decreased by 1.96 g, 3.41 g, 1.71 g and 1.28 g in 20132014, and respectively by 4.27 g, 0.84 g, 1.23 g and 2.19 g in 20142015 compared with CK. Furthermore, grain numbers per spike decreased respectively by 5.45, 1.45, 0.87 and 0.71 in 20132014, and by 1.95, 2.30, 3.00 and 1.73 in 20142015. The established grain-filling process models showed that high temperature stress advanced the first inflection points by 0.48 d, 0.75 d, 0.46 d and 0.29 d and the second inflection points by 0.92 d, 1.42 d, 0.61 d and 0.22 d, respectively, compared with the control, which shortened the duration of wheat grain filling. The average grain-filling rate also decreased which resulted in lower 1000-grain weight. The application of sprays delayed the first and the second inflection points and prolonged grain-filling, which increased grain weight and yield. B1, B2 and B3 increased grains per spike by 2.30, 1.21 and 1.04 in 20132014, and by 2.01, 2.75 and 0.95 in 20142015, respectively, over B4. The 1000-grain weights of B1, B2 and B3 were respectively 1.10 g, 1.42 g and 0.89 g greater than B4. Based on the grain-filling process models, the times to maximum grain-filling rates delayed respectively by 0.73 d, 0.69 d and 0.61 d, and the average filling rate increased by 0.04 mg·grain-1·d-1, 0.03 mg·grain-1·d-1 and 0.01 mg·grain1·d1 over B4. Therefore, longer filling stage, higher grain weight and higher grain numbers per spike were main mechanisms of yield increase due to foliar spray treatments. Foliar spray mitigated the effects of high temperature stress on grain-filling. Yield promotion effects of B1 and B2 were better under high temperature than under normal temperature, and B1 had the best effect among all foliar spray treatments.

     

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