马健, 虞昊, 周佳. 日本农业绿色发展的路径、成效与政策启示[J]. 中国生态农业学报 (中英文), 2023, 31(1): 149−162. DOI: 10.12357/cjea.20220372
引用本文: 马健, 虞昊, 周佳. 日本农业绿色发展的路径、成效与政策启示[J]. 中国生态农业学报 (中英文), 2023, 31(1): 149−162. DOI: 10.12357/cjea.20220372
MA J, YU H, ZHOU J. Sustainable agricultural development from a green perspective in Japan: paths, results, and policy inspirations[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2023, 31(1): 149−162. DOI: 10.12357/cjea.20220372
Citation: MA J, YU H, ZHOU J. Sustainable agricultural development from a green perspective in Japan: paths, results, and policy inspirations[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2023, 31(1): 149−162. DOI: 10.12357/cjea.20220372

日本农业绿色发展的路径、成效与政策启示

Sustainable agricultural development from a green perspective in Japan: paths, results, and policy inspirations

  • 摘要: 推进农业绿色发展是实现农业农村现代化发展的重要方向。日本自20世纪70年代以来逐渐形成了以有机农业和环境保全型农业为主要路径的农业绿色发展模式。通过创新组织机构、构建完善的法律体系、强化优良案例的引导作用等主要举措, 在体系建设、政策支持、生态农户认定、化学品投入减量化等方面取得了一定的成效。本文采用归纳法系统梳理日本农业绿色发展相关组织机构创新与法律法规体系的演变, 通过案例分析总结对比优良案例的成功路径与主要经验。研究发现, 首先, 日本通过社会团体、议员联盟、有机学会等组织机构的创设, 逐渐形成了官民一体的协同推进机制。其次, 行政主管部门不断完善支持农业绿色发展的相关政策, 逐步构建了较为精准的法律法规支援体系。同时, 为了鼓励和激励农业经营主体选择绿色生产行为, 日本农林主管部门设置了具有日本特色的各项荣誉, 涌现出众多的优良事例, 为日本农业绿色可持续发展起到了良好的示范和带头作用。尽管如此, 日本农业绿色发展整体规模在国家农业布局中仍属小众化产业, 虽然环境保全型农业的普及率实现了较大幅度的增长, 但仍然面临生态农户数量不断萎缩、绿色农产品溢价空间有限、有机农业规模与认证面积相对较小等现实难题。为应对上述挑战, 日本采取了大力培育新型农业经营主体, 积极推进有机农业国际化发展; 立足“产消连携”, 创造地域环境共生产业链等创新路径。基于此, 对我国农业绿色高质量发展提出以下建议: 明确农业绿色发展路径, 建立化学品投入减量化技术标准; 制定生态农户认定制度, 培育农业绿色发展接班人; 重视发挥社会学术团体的功能与作用, 营造农业绿色发展法治化环境; 立足优质农产品“地产地消”, 构建绿色农产品全国统一大市场。

     

    Abstract: Promoting agricultural development from a green perspective is an important direction for realizing the modernization of agriculture and rural areas. Since the 1970s, a green development model for agriculture has gradually formed in Japan, with organic agriculture and environmentally friendly agriculture as the main paths. Japan has achieved certain results in system construction, policy support, identification of ecological farmers, reduction of chemical input, and other aspects by undertaking several measures, such as the innovation of organization, establishment of a sound legal system, and reinforcement of the guiding role of excellent cases. The inductive method was applied in this study to systematically determine the innovation of relevant organizations and evolution of the legal and regulatory system of green agricultural development in Japan. Additionally, the case study method was used to summarize and compare the successful paths and main experiences of some excellent cases. We found that, first, a coordinated promotion mechanism of integrating officials and citizens has gradually formed in Japan upon the establishment of social groups, parliamentarian unions, organic societies, and other organizations. Second, a more accurate support system for laws and regulations has gradually been built by competent administrative departments under the continuous improvement of relevant policies to support the green development of agriculture. Meanwhile, various honors with Japanese characteristics have been set by the Competent Departments of Agriculture and Forestry in Japan to encourage farmers and agricultural business organizations to choose green production behavior; many excellent farmers and agricultural organizations have emerged and they play a good demonstration and leading role in the green and sustainable development of agriculture in Japan. However, the overall scale of organic and environmentally friendly agriculture in Japan remains a niche industry for the national agricultural layout. Although the penetration rate of environmentally friendly agriculture has increased considerably, Japan still faces some realistic challenges, such as the decreasing number of ecological farming households, limited premium space for green agricultural products, and relatively small scale and certification area of organic agriculture. To cope with these challenges, Japan has made great efforts to cultivate new agricultural business entities and actively promote the international development of organic agriculture. In addition, Japan has explored many innovation paths, such as creating regional environmental symbiotic industrial chains based on the idea of “integration of production and consumption”. Based on these results, the following suggestions are put forward for green and high-quality agricultural development in China: first, clarifying the path for green agricultural development and establishing technical standards for the reduction of chemical inputs; second, formulating an identification system for ecological farmers and cultivating successors to green agricultural development; third, attaching importance to the social academic groups for giving full play of their roles and functions to create a legal environment for green development of agriculture; fourth, building a national unified market for green agricultural products based on those products with good quality and based on the idea of “local production for local consumption”.

     

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