Abstract: While soil fertility is basic for continuous agricultural development, fertilization remains the primary mode of high soil fertility in agriculture. Moreover, fertilization could compensate soil nutrient deficit arising from repeated harvest of farm produce or crop castoff such as straw. The most important task of current agricultural modernization is the effective improvement of soil fertility. Thus not only it is critical to preserve higher soil fertility, but also to increase yield and quality of crop products and to effectively control agricultural non-point source pollution. Achieving this requires all stakeholders to maintain a sound agricultural eco-environment. This paper summarized research progress on relating fertilization measures with soil fertility improvement. The review explained the relational mechanisms of fertilization measures and soil basic physicochemical properties, enzyme activity and fertility index in terms of soil microbial/animal systems. The review also highlighted the direction of further studies on the relation between fertilization measures and soil fertility improvement. Such studies included the relations between fine/high-efficiency input of organic fertilizer and soil fertility, soil fertility index and soil fauna, long-term fertilization and agro-biological processes, fertilization and agricultural non-point source pollution, etc. The review offered scientific insight into future studies on soil fertility improvement and maintenance of farm ecological environment through sound fertilization measures.