规模化养猪场处理污水施用对小麦产量和品质的影响

Effect of large-scale pig farm waste water on wheat yield and quality

  • 摘要: 随着我国规模化养猪场迅速发展, 排放的粪尿污水不断增加, 导致严重的环境污染, 成为规模化养猪可持续发展亟待解决的问题。种养结合是污水最佳处理利用途径。规模化养猪场污水在农田特别是在农场经营条件下应用的技术缺少系统研究, 本研究通过田间试验探讨实现小麦高产优质高效的污水利用技术, 为规模化养猪场-农田种植循环农业模式的应用提供技术支持。试验所用污水为养猪场粪尿和冲洗废水经过充分发酵后的污水, 污水含全氮1 000 mg·L?1、速效氮540 mg·L?1、速效磷779 mg·L?1。在常规基施化肥基础上, 设计小麦越冬期施入0 m3·hm?2、30 m33·hm?2、60 m3·hm?2、90 m3·hm?2、120 m3·hm?2的污水与穗期施氮肥0 kg(N)·hm?2、30 kg(N)·hm?2、60 kg(N)·hm?2、90 kg(N)·hm?2组合为处理, 研究对小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明, 越冬期施污水30 m3·hm?2、60 m3·hm?2或90 m3·hm?2与穗期施氮60 kg(N)·hm?2相结合的3个处理产量分别为8 496.27 kg·hm?2、8 372.28 kg·hm?2、8 419.97 kg·hm?2, 与大田常规施肥的产量8 305.52 kg·hm?2相当, 穗期不追施或施氮量30 kg(N)·hm?2处理, 产量都低于常规施肥产量, 说明越冬期污水施用必须与一定量化肥配合才能获得理想的产量。在品质方面, 穗期不施氮肥或施氮30 kg(N)·hm?2处理的籽粒蛋白质含量都低于中筋小麦下限13%的要求。从产量与品质两方面考虑, 污水施用量60 m3·hm?2与穗期施氮90 kg(N)·hm?2组合、污水施用量90 m3·hm?2与穗期施氮60 kg(N)·hm?2处理均为较优的施肥方案。再考虑到农田较大污水承载量和减少化肥施用的目标, 污水施用量为90 m3·hm?2、穗期施氮60 kg(N)·hm?2处理为小麦优质高产高效的污水施用方案。

     

    Abstract: With the rapid development of China’s large-scale pig farms, increasing manure and sewage discharge is causing severe environmental pollution that in turn threatens the sustainable development of large-scale pig farming. The utilization of sewage, a kind source of nutrient, by combined pig farming with cropping is the best solution to this problem. As sewage utilization in farmlands lacked systematic research, a field experiment was conducted to study sewage effect on yield and quality of wheat. The results of the study could provide the scientific basis for efficient wheat production that supported large-scale pig farming. The sewage used in the experiment contained 1 000 mg·L?1 of total nitrogen, 540 mg·L-1 of available nitrogen and 779 mg·L-1 of available phosphorus. The experimental treatments consisted of different combinations of sewage (0 m3·hm?2, 30 m3·hm?2, 60 m3·hm?2, 90 m3·hm?2 and 120 m3·hm?2) and nitrogen 0 kg(N)·hm?2, 30 kg(N)·hm?2, 60 kg(N)·hm?2 and 90 kg(N)·hm?2 application rates plus conventional base fertilizer at winter wheat booting stage. The results showed that wheat grain yield under 30 m3·hm?2, 60 m3·hm?2 and 90 m3 respectively. Wheat grain yield under the conventional fertilizer treatment was 8 305.52 kg·hm?2. Yield under zero-topdressing or 30 kg(N)·hm?2 nitrogen treatment was lower than that under conventional fertilizer application. This demonstrated that sewage use must be combined with certain amounts of fertilizer to get desired outputs. Grain protein content under zero-nitrogen or 30 kg(N)·hm?2 nitrogen application was below 13%, the lower limit of medium-gluten wheat requirement. Taking both yield and quality into account, combination of 60 m3·hm?2 sewage and 90 kg(N)·hm?2 nitrogen fertilizer or 90 m3·hm?2 sewage and 60 kg(N)·hm?2 nitrogen fertilizer was a suitable fertilization program. If sewage field carrying capacity and reduction in chemical fertilizer were taken as additional factors, then the combination of 90 m3·hm?2 sewage and 60 kg(N)·hm?2 nitrogen fertilizer application was most suitable for high yield, good quality and efficient wheat production in the study area.

     

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