Abstract: Shajiang black soil is one of three kinds of lowyield soils in the Huanghuaihai Plain. Research on the influence factors on food production in low yield region has an important implication for enhancing food production in low-yield regions. Taking Fuyang City in the Huaibei Plain as a case study, per-hectare yield, sunlight and temperature productivity potential of wheat and their disparity since 1949 were analyzed. Grey correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between per-hectare yield of wheat and related factors. The results show the sequence of correlation for all the factors (1970 ～ 2000) to be: potassium fertilizer > compound fertilizer > total agricultural mechanization > phosphorus fertilizer > nitrogen fertilizer > effective irrigated area. Potassium fertilizer is the limiting factor of perhectare yield of wheat. Total agricultural mechanization has a major effect on per-hectare yield of wheat. The effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on per-hectare yield of wheat declines with time. Timeseries of effective irrigated area shows a rising tendency. Each factor has a high correlation degree with per-hectare yield of wheat, though the correlation sequence for each factor is different at different stages. Finally, we propose a sustainable development way of Shajiang black soil region of the Huaibei Plain.