连作番茄根区病土对番茄生长及土壤线虫与微生物的影响

Effect of sick rhizosphere soil under tomato continuous cropping on soil nematodes, microbes and tomato growth

  • 摘要: 探索连作番茄根区病土对番茄根结线虫病的诱导效果及引起连作障碍的微生态机制,可为深入了解番茄连作障碍发生机理及探究番茄连作障碍防治方法提供科学依据。本研究利用盆栽试验,测定了番茄在健康土壤及接种病土土壤中生物学特性变化及根结线虫侵染状况,并分析鉴定了土壤中微生物及线虫的种类与数量。结果表明,接种连作番茄根结线虫病株根区病土会对番茄生长及根结线虫侵染产生影响:1)番茄苗期根系根结数达9个·株-1,健康土壤无根结;土壤线虫数量较健康土壤增加390.4%;收获期番茄根结线虫侵染率达62.7%,病情指数为80.0%。2)番茄生长受到抑制,叶片防御酶活性降低,收获期茎叶及根系鲜质量较健康土壤分别减少50.2%及33.1%,苗期番茄叶片PPO活性较健康土壤降低15.8%,POD活性较健康土壤增加24.0%,差异均达显著水平(P < 0.05)。3)番茄根系更易感染有害菌,根系内病原菌甘蓝假单胞菌数量较健康土壤增加463倍,根区土壤细菌、真菌及放线菌总数分别增加46.3%、94.5%及134.0%。4)食细菌线虫、食真菌线虫及植物寄生性线虫数量分别为健康根区土壤的3.3倍、1.6倍及7.3倍,其中的植物寄生线虫95.6%为根结线虫。综上所述,接入连作番茄根结线虫病株根区病土不仅导致番茄遭受根结线虫侵染,而且会导致土壤线虫总量及植物寄生线虫所占比例大幅增加,并使番茄根系内有害细菌数量显著增加,对番茄生长造成显著抑制作用,同时影响番茄的生理生化特性,受线虫侵染番茄防御性酶活性降低,使其更易被根结线虫及病原菌侵染,番茄根区土壤线虫、微生物及根系内优势细菌的种类与数量及其之间的作用发生改变。

     

    Abstract: Continuous cropping of tomato is a widespread practice that severely restricts sustainable tomato production. The interaction between soil nematodes, soil microbes and plants may be related with root-knot nematode disease due to continuous cropping. However, a little attention has been paid to the interrelatedness of these factors or the effect of continuous cropping on the relationship among soil and other 3 factors. Thus, this study explored the effects of sick soil (root-knot nematode infecting soil) on tomato root-knot disease, mechanism of micro-ecological obstacles and plant growth of continuously cropped tomato with a pot experiment. The abundances and communities of microbes and nematodes in root-zone soils and the activities of defensive enzymes in seedling leaves of tomato were analyzed to determine what pathogenic mechanism existed in such cropping systems. Compared with healthy soil, sick soil caused the following changes: (1) at seedling stage, root-knot nematodes began to infect roots and therefore root-knots appeared on tomato roots. Compared with the healthy soil, silk soil increased the abundance of soil nematode by 390.4%. At maturity, the infection rate of root-knot nematode was 62.7% and the related disease index was 80.0%. (2) The growth of tomato was restrained and the activities of defense enzymes reduced. The dates of blossoming and fruiting delayed too. Fresh biomass of shoot and root at maturity significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by up to 50.2% and 33.1%, respectively. Also the quantity and fresh mass of fruit significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by up to 59.7% and 68.2%, respectively. While compared with healthy soil, PPO activity of seedling leaves significantly (P < 0.05) decreased (by 15.8%), and POD activity significantly (P < 0.05) increased (by 24.0%) for silk soil. (3) Tomato roots became easily infected by harmful bacteria (Pseudomonas brassicacearum). The number of pathogenic bacteria P. brassicacearum in tomato roots in sick soils was 463 times greater than that in healthy soils. The total number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in rhizosphere soils increased by 46.3%, 94.5% and 134.0%, respectively. (4) The abundance of soil nematodes increased nearly 3 times, among which the abundance of fungi-feeding nematodes, bacteria-feeding nematodes and plant-parasitic nematodes increased by 1.6, 3.3 and 7.3 times, respectively. The abundance and diversity of plant-parasitic nematodes greatly increased, of which root-knot nematode accounted for 95.6%. In conclusion, the inoculation of sick soils from the root-zone under continuous tomato cropping had complex effects on root-zone soil ecology. It inhibited tomato growth and increased the incidence of root-knot nematode disease by influencing the abundance and diversity of microbes and nematodes in root-zone soils and also by influencing biochemical metabolism of tomato. Mass propagation of plant parasitic nematodes and plant pathogenic bacteria decreased defensive enzyme activity and stress resistant ability of tomato, which in turn led to more severe root-knot nematode infection with significant inhibitory effect on tomato production. The negative effects of continuous cropping on tomato growth were caused by the interactions among root-zone soil microbes, root endophytes and soil nematodes.

     

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